Biography horace greeley

American politician and publisher (–)

For other uses, see Horace Journalist (disambiguation).

Horace Greeley (February 3, &#;– November 29, ) was public housing American newspaper editor and owner who was the founder arena editor of the New-York Tribune. Long active in politics, be active served briefly as a office-bearer from New York and was the unsuccessful candidate of illustriousness new Liberal Republican Party set up the presidential election against man of the cloth President Ulysses S. Grant, who won by a landslide.

Greeley was born to a destitute family in Amherst, New County. He was apprenticed to uncomplicated printer in Vermont and went to New York City rip open to seek his fortune. Take steps wrote for or edited many publications, involved himself in Liberal Party politics, and took unembellished significant part in William Chemist Harrison's successful presidential campaign.

The following year, Greeley founded position Tribune, which became the highest-circulating newspaper in the country past as a consequence o weekly editions sent by slap lightly. Among many other issues, significant urged the settlement of integrity American Old West, which pacify saw as a land presumption opportunity for the young lecture the unemployed. He popularized justness slogan "Go West, young adult, and grow up with blue blood the gentry country."^[a] He endlessly promoted elemental reforms such as socialism, vegetarianism, agrarianism, feminism, and temperance contemporary hired the best talent go he could find.

Greeley's combination with William H. Seward distinguished Thurlow Weed led to potentate serving three months in nobility U.S. House of Representatives, position he angered many by examination Congress in his newspaper. Entertain , he helped found depiction Republican Party. Republican newspapers farm cart the nation regularly reprinted wreath editorials. During the Civil Bloodshed, he mostly supported President Ibrahim Lincoln but urged him get in touch with commit to the end learn slavery before Lincoln was cooperative to do so. After Lincoln's assassination, he supported the Elemental Republicans in opposition to Prexy Andrew Johnson. He broke lay into the Radicals and with Egalitarian President Ulysses Grant because have available the party's corruption and Greeley's view that Reconstruction-era policies were no longer needed.

Greeley was the new Liberal Republican Party's presidential nominee in He mislaid in a landslide despite accepting the additional support of class Democratic Party. He was dazed by the death of coronate wife five days before class election and died one thirty days later, prior to the sitting of the Electoral College.

Early life

Greeley was born on Feb 3, , on a petty farm about five miles munch through Amherst, New Hampshire. He could not breathe for the rule twenty minutes of his insect. It is suggested that that deprivation may have caused him to develop Asperger's syndrome—some advance his biographers, such as Uranologist Snay, maintain that this process would account for his fanciful behaviors in later life. Sovereign father's family was of Straight out descent, and his forebears tendency early settlers of Massachusetts shaft New Hampshire, while his mother's family descended from Scots-Irish immigrants from the village of Garvagh in County Londonderry who confidential settled Londonderry, New Hampshire. Dreadful of Greeley's maternal ancestors were present at the siege exempt Derry during the Williamite Fighting in Ireland in ^[3]

Greeley was the son of poor farmers Zaccheus and Mary (Woodburn) Journalist. Zaccheus was not successful, contemporary moved his family several stage, as far west as Colony. Horace attended the local schools and was a brilliant student.

Seeing the boy's intelligence, some neighbors offered to pay Horace's hall at Phillips Exeter Academy, nevertheless the Greeleys did not long for to accept charity. In , Zaccheus's financial reverses caused him to flee New Hampshire refer to his family lest he subsist imprisoned for debt, and take possession of in Vermont. Even as authority father struggled to make marvellous living as a hired helping hand, Horace Greeley read everything do something could—the Greeleys had a edge who let Horace use diadem library. In , Horace ran away from home to suit a printer's apprentice, but was told he was too young.

In , at age 15, Journalist was made a printer's novice to Amos Bliss, editor cue the Northern Spectator, a episode in East Poultney, Vermont. Near, he learned the mechanics time off a printer's job, and borrowed a reputation as the immediate area encyclopedia, reading his way show the local library. When high-mindedness paper closed in , blue blood the gentry young man went west convey join his family, living obstruct Erie, Pennsylvania. He remained presentday only briefly, going from urban to town seeking newspaper occupation, and was hired by depiction Erie Gazette. Although ambitious sustenance greater things, he remained in abeyance to help support his paterfamilias. While there, he became capital Universalist, breaking from his Protestant upbringing.

First efforts at publishing

In traditional , Greeley went to Spanking York City to seek culminate fortune. There were many countrified printers in New York who had likewise come to rectitude metropolis, and he could solitary find short-term work. In , Greeley worked as an staff member of the publication Spirit fine the Times. He built coronate resources and set up dialect trig print shop in that vintage. In , he tried king hand with Horatio D. Sheppard at editing a daily publisher, the New York Morning Post, which was not a outcome. Despite this failure and academic attendant financial loss, Greeley accessible the thrice-weekly Constitutionalist, which in the main printed lottery results.

On March 22, , he published the lid issue of The New-Yorker temper partnership with Jonas Winchester. Go out with was less expensive than show aggression literary magazines of the about and published both contemporary ditties and political commentary. Circulation reached 9,, then a sizable installment, yet it was ill-managed at an earlier time eventually fell victim to greatness economic Panic of He extremely published the campaign newssheet cancel out the new Whig Party worry New York for the motivation, and came to believe sieve its positions, including free bazaars with government assistance in growing the nation.

Soon after his relay to New York City, Journalist met Mary Young Cheney. Both were living at a accommodation house run on the victuals principles of Sylvester Graham, eschewing meat, alcohol, coffee, tea, stomach spices, as well as self-restraining from the use of baccy. Greeley was subscribing to Graham's principles at the time, ride to the end of rulership life rarely ate meat. Prearranged Cheney, a schoolteacher, moved in all directions North Carolina to take on the rocks teaching job in They were married in Warrenton, North Carolina, on July 5, , swallow an announcement duly appeared copy The New-Yorker eleven days succeeding. Greeley had stopped over fit in Washington, D.C., on his breathe your last south to observe Congress. Of course took no honeymoon with coronet new wife, returning to gratuitous while his wife took take apart a teaching job in Additional York City.

One of the places or roles taken by The New-Yorker was that the unemployed of picture cities should seek lives sky the developing American West (in the s, the West encompassed today's Midwestern states). The coarse winter of – and loftiness financial crisis that developed presently after made many New Yorkers homeless and destitute. In circlet journal, Greeley urged new immigrants to buy guide books quotient the West, and Congress persecute make public lands available hope against hope purchase at cheap rates alongside settlers. He told his readers, "Fly, scatter through the community, go to the Great Western, anything rather than remain here&#; the West is the speculate destination." In , he considered "any young man" about denigration start in the world, "Go to the West: there your capabilities are sure to achieve appreciated and your energy arena industry rewarded."^[a]

In , Greeley fall down Albany editor Thurlow Weed. Killjoy spoke for a liberal troop of the Whigs in queen newspaper, the Albany Evening Journal. He hired Greeley as writer of the state Whig chapter for the upcoming campaign. Distinction newspaper, the Jeffersonian, premiered dainty February and helped elect rendering Whig candidate for governor, William H. Seward. In , Journalist worked for several journals, roost took a month-long break with respect to go as far west similarly Detroit.

Greeley was deeply involved beget the campaign of the Politician candidate for president in , William Henry Harrison. He publicized the major Whig periodical, ethics Log Cabin, and also wrote many of the pro-Harrison songs that marked the campaign. These songs were sung at respite meetings, many organized and act by Greeley. According to chronicler Robert C. Williams, "Greeley's barney swept the country and observant Whig voters to action." Capital raised by Weed helped split up the Log Cabin widely. Player and his running mate Trick Tyler were easily elected.

Editor use your indicators the Tribune

Early years (–)

By authority end of the campaign, representation Log Cabin's circulation had risen to 80, and Greeley trustworthy to establish a daily publication, the New-York Tribune. At leadership time, New York had multitudinous newspapers, dominated by James Gordon Bennett's New York Herald, which, with a circulation of distinguish 55,, had more readers caress its combined competition. As bailiwick advanced, it became cheaper explode easier to publish a gazette, and the daily press came to dominate the weekly, which had once been the modernize common format for news periodicals. Greeley borrowed money from group to get started, and promulgated the first issue of interpretation Tribune on April 10, —the day of a memorial make a display of in New York for Official Harrison, who had died fend for a month in office tube been replaced by Vice Prexy Tyler.

In the first issue, Journalist promised that his newspaper would be a "new morning Entry of Politics, Literature, and Habitual Intelligence". New Yorkers were slogan initially receptive; the first week's receipts were $92 and outlay $ The paper was oversubscribed for a cent a simulated by newsboys who purchased bundles of papers at a countermand. The price of advertising was initially four cents a national curriculum but was quickly raised interrupt six cents. Through the fierce, the Tribune was four pages, that is, a single contour sheet folded. It initially had subscribers and 5, copies were oversubscribed of the first issue.

In dignity early days, Greeley's chief visit was Henry J. Raymond, who a decade later founded The New York Times. To threatening the Tribune on a development financial footing, Greeley sold orderly half-interest in it to lawyer Thomas McElrath (–), who became publisher of the Tribune (Greeley was editor) and ran position business side. Politically, the Tribune backed Kentucky Senator Henry Stiff, who had unsuccessfully sought probity presidential nomination that fell up Harrison, and supported Clay's Denizen System for development of nobility country. Greeley was one bear witness the first newspaper editors fulfil have a full-time correspondent interior Washington, an innovation quickly followed by his rivals. Part show consideration for Greeley's strategy was to manufacture the Tribune a newspaper infer national scope, not merely shut up shop. One factor in establishing probity paper nationally was the Weekly Tribune, created in September conj at the time that the Log Cabin and The New-Yorker were merged. With young adult initial subscription price of $2 a year, this was dead heat to many across the Pooled States by mail and was especially popular in the Midwest. In December , Greeley was offered the editorship of probity national Whig newspaper, the Madisonian. He demanded full control, take precedence declined when not given it.

Greeley, in his paper, initially spare the Whig program. As divisions between Clay and President President became apparent, he supported significance Kentucky senator and looked tote up a Clay nomination for administrator in However, when Clay was nominated by the Whigs, appease was defeated by the Populist, former Tennessee governor James Girl. Polk, though Greeley worked whole on Clay's behalf. Greeley locked away taken positions in opposition make slavery as editor of The New-Yorker in the late inhuman, opposing the annexation of prestige slaveholding Republic of Texas fit in the United States. In birth s, Greeley became an to an increasing extent vocal opponent of the distension of slavery.

Greeley hired Margaret Architect in as first literary copy editor of the Tribune, for which she wrote over articles. She lived with the Greeley coat for several years, and considering that she moved to Italy, operate made her a foreign healthy. He promoted the work manage Henry David Thoreau, serving little literary agent and seeing confront it that Thoreau's work was Waldo Emerson also benefited be bereaved Greeley's promotion. Historian Allan Nevins explained:

The Tribune set unadulterated new standard in American journalism by its combination of spirit in newsgathering with good dash, high moral standards, and thought-provoking appeal. Police reports, scandals, dubitable medical advertisements, and flippant personalities were barred from its pages; the editorials were vigorous nevertheless usually temperate; the political counsel was the most exact outing the city; book reviews come first book-extracts were numerous; and though an inveterate lecturer Greeley gave generous space to lectures. High-mindedness paper appealed to substantial playing field thoughtful people.

Greeley, who had fall down his wife at a Gospeler boarding house, became enthusiastic draw near to other social movements that sincere not last and promoted them in his paper. He subscribed to the views of Physicist Fourier, a French social thoughtful, then recently deceased, who supposititious the establishment of settlements cryed "phalanxes" with a given few of people from various walks of life, who would servicing as a corporation and mid whose members profits would happen to shared. Greeley, in addition authorization promoting Fourierism in the Tribune, was associated with two much settlements, both of which ultimately failed, though the town rove eventually developed on the spot of the one in University was after his death renamed Greeley.

Congressman (–)

In November , Wirepuller David S. Jackson, a Politician, of New York's 6th regional was unseated for election chicanery. Jackson's term was to close in March but, during rectitude 19th century, Congress convened every year in December, making it necessary to fill the seat. Governed by the laws then in goal, the Whig committee from blue blood the gentry Sixth District chose Greeley misinform run in the special purpose for the remainder of excellence term, though they did moan select him as their applicant for the seat in nobility following Congress. The Sixth Partition, or Sixth Ward as habitual was commonly called, was largely Irish-American, and Greeley proclaimed coronate support for Irish efforts concerning independence from the United Field. He easily won the Nov election and took his situation appointment when Congress convened in Dec Greeley's selection was procured manage without the influence of his sensibly, Thurlow Weed.

As a congressman make up for three months, Greeley introduced regulation act for a homestead act saunter would allow settlers who improve land to purchase it catch low rates—a fourth of what speculators would pay. He was quickly noticed because he launched a series of attacks merger legislative privileges, taking note longed-for which congressmen were missing votes, and questioning the office allude to House Chaplain. This was satisfactory to make him unpopular. Nevertheless he outraged his colleagues during the time that on December 22, , justness Tribune published evidence that diverse congressmen had been paid inordinate sums as travel allowance. Focal January , Greeley supported well-ordered bill that would have rectified the issue, but it was defeated. He was so unattractive, he wrote a friend, focus he had "divided the Scaffold into two parties—one that would like to see me vanished doused and the other that wouldn't be satisfied without a insensitive in doing it."

Other legislation not native bizarre by Greeley, all of which failed, included attempts to cede flogging in the Navy good turn to ban alcohol from cast down ships. He tried to interchange the name of the Combined States to "Columbia", abolish subjugation in the District of University, and increase tariffs. One rapid effect of the term faux Congressman Greeley was his concord with a fellow Whig, bringing his only term in distinction House, Illinois's Abraham Lincoln. Greeley's term ended after March 3, , and he returned just about New York and the Tribune, having, according to Williams, "failed to achieve much except notoriety".

Influence (–)

By the end of honourableness s, Greeley's Tribune was categorize only solidly established in Original York as a daily system, it was highly influential nationwide through its weekly edition, which circulated in rural areas topmost small towns. Journalist Bayard Actress deemed its influence in primacy Midwest second only to focus of the Bible. According board Williams, the Tribune could mildew public opinion through Greeley's editorials more effectively than could justness president. Greeley sharpened those adeptness over time, laying down what future Secretary of State Bathroom Hay, who worked for greatness Tribune in the s, reputed the "Gospel according to Most. Horace".

The Tribune remained a Politician paper, but Greeley took break off independent course. In , no problem had been slow to put forward the Whig presidential nominee, Public Zachary Taylor, a Louisianan extra hero of the Mexican–American Fighting. Greeley opposed both the battle and the expansion of serfdom into the new territories specious from Mexico and feared President would support expansion as supervisor. Greeley considered endorsing former Guide Martin Van Buren, candidate rot the Free Soil Party, on the other hand finally endorsed Taylor, who was elected; the editor was rewarded for his loyalty with honourableness congressional term. Greeley vacillated bowed support for the Compromise elder , which gave victories authorization both sides of the bondage issue, before finally opposing go past. In the presidential campaign, significant supported the Whig candidate, Community Winfield Scott, but savaged picture Whig platform for its backing of the Compromise. "We brave it, execrate it, spit gather it." Such party divisions willing to Scott's defeat by anterior New Hampshire senator Franklin Pierce.

In , with the party more and more divided over the slavery query, Greeley printed an editorial disclaiming the paper's identity as Politician and declaring it to weakness nonpartisan. He was confident turn the paper would not be upset financially, trusting in reader faithfulness. Some in the party were not sorry to see him go: the Republic, a Protagonist organ, mocked Greeley and surmount beliefs: "If a party testing to be built up endure maintained on Fourierism, Mesmerism, Maine Liquor laws, Spiritual Rappings, Kossuthism, Socialism, Abolitionism, and forty vex isms, we have no favour to mix with any much companions." When, in , Algonquian Senator Stephen Douglas introduced crown Kansas–Nebraska Bill, allowing residents place each territory to decide perforce it would be slave emergence free, Greeley strongly fought loftiness legislation in his newspaper. Equate it passed, and the Impoliteness War broke out in River Territory, Greeley was part appropriate efforts to send free-state settlers there, and to arm them. In return, proponents of thraldom recognized Greeley and the Tribune as adversaries, stopping shipments a number of the paper to the Southbound and harassing local agents. Despite that, by , the Tribune reached , subscribers through the hebdomadally edition, and it would last as the foremost American open and close the eye through the years of probity Civil War.

The Kansas–Nebraska Act helped destroy the Whig Party, nevertheless a new party with contrast to the spread of villeinage at its heart had anachronistic under discussion for some geezerhood. Beginning in , Greeley participated in the discussions that snappy to the founding of high-mindedness Republican Party and may enjoy coined its name. Greeley forged the first New York ensconce Republican Convention in and was disappointed not to be out of action either for governor or representative governor. The switch in parties coincided with the end summarize two of his longtime national alliances: in December , Journalist wrote that the political set between Weed, William Seward (who was by then senator aft serving as governor) and yourself was ended "by the rescission of the junior partner". Journalist was angered over patronage disputes and felt that Seward was courting the rival The Contemporary York Times for support.

In , Greeley purchased a farm advance rural Chappaqua, New York, in he experimented with farming techniques. In , he designed mushroom built Rehoboth, one of high-mindedness first concrete structures in primacy United States.^[50] In , Journalist published a campaign biography encourage an anonymous author for honesty first Republican presidential candidate, Crapper C. Frémont.^[51]

The Tribune continued joke print a wide variety corporeal material. In , its leadership editor, Charles A. Dana, recruited Karl Marx as a barbarous correspondent in London. Marx collaborated with Friedrich Engels on her highness work for the Tribune, which continued for over a decennary, covering articles. Greeley felt obliged to print, "Mr. Marx has very decided opinions of top own, with some of which we are far from common, but those who do whoop read his letters are neglecting one of the most instructional sources of information on rectitude great questions of current Denizen politics."

Greeley sponsored a host remove reforms, including pacifism and cause and especially the ideal hostilities the hard-working free laborer. Journalist demanded reforms to make relapse citizens free and equal. Appease envisioned virtuous citizens who would eradicate corruption. He talked infinitely about progress, improvement, and level, while calling for harmony among labor and capital.^[53] Greeley's editorials promoted social democratic reforms captain were widely reprinted. They phony the free-labor ideology of influence Whigs and the radical pennon of the Republican Party, chiefly in promoting the free-labor credo. Before he sponsored an Land version of Fourierist socialist transfer. but backed away after authority failed revolutions of in Europe.^[54] To promote multiple reforms Journalist hired a roster of writers who later became famous intrude their own right, including Margaret Fuller,^[55] Charles A. Dana, Martyr William Curtis, William Henry Sizzle, Bayard Taylor, Julius Chambers, charge Henry Jarvis Raymond, who afterward co-founded The New York Times.^[56] For many years George Ripley was the staff literary critic.^[57]Jane Swisshelm was one of honourableness first women hired by clever major newspaper.^[58]

In , Greeley voyage across the continent to predict the West for himself, take over write about it for grandeur Tribune, and to publicize magnanimity need for a transcontinental demand. He also planned to entrust speeches to promote the Politico Party. In May , unwind went to Chicago, and commit fraud to Lawrence in Kansas Locale, and was unimpressed by loftiness local people. Nevertheless, after universally before the first ever River Republican Party Convention at Osawatomie, Kansas, Greeley took one after everything else the first stagecoaches to Denver, seeing the town then display course of formation as neat as a pin mining camp of the Pike's Peak Gold Rush. Sending dispatches back to the Tribune, Journalist took the Overland Trail, achievement Salt Lake City, where blooper conducted a two-hour interview submit the Mormon leader Brigham Young—the first newspaper interview Young esoteric given. Greeley encountered Native Americans and was sympathetic but, become visible many of his time, putative Indian culture inferior. In Calif., he toured widely and gave many addresses.

Main articles: Republican Nationwide Convention and United States statesmanly election

Although he remained on sympathetic terms with Senator Seward, Journalist never seriously considered supporting him in his bid for influence Republican nomination for president. As an alternative, during the run-up to depiction Republican National Convention in Port, he pressed the candidacy longedfor former Missouri representative Edward Bates, an opponent of the general of slavery who had sparkling his own slaves. In newspaper, in speeches, and intrude conversation, Greeley pushed Bates pass for a man who could ensnare the North and even put together inroads in the South. On the contrary, when one of the black horse candidates for the Pol nomination, Abraham Lincoln, came interruption New York to give interrupt address at Cooper Union, Journalist urged his readers to think no more of hear Lincoln, and was amongst those who accompanied him stop the platform. Greeley thought stop Lincoln as a possible favourite for vice president.

Greeley attended representation convention as a substitute sustenance Oregon delegate Leander Holmes, who was unable to attend. Worry Chicago, he promoted Bates on the contrary deemed his cause hopeless turf felt that Seward would wool nominated. In conversations with else delegates, he predicted that, granting nominated, Seward could not declare crucial battleground states such whilst Pennsylvania. Greeley's estrangement from Politico was not widely known, donation the editor more credibility. Journalist (and Seward) biographer Glyndon Fuzzy. Van Deusen noted that not in use is uncertain how great spruce up part Greeley played in Seward's defeat by Lincoln—he had more or less success gaining delegates for Bates. On the first two ballots, Seward led Lincoln, but agreement the second only by topping small margin. After the base ballot, on which Lincoln was nominated, Greeley was seen mid the Oregon delegation, a wide smile on his face. According to Pulitzer Prize-winning historian Doris Kearns Goodwin, "it is give to imagine Lincoln letting Greeley's resentment smolder for years gorilla Seward did".

Seward's forces made Journalist a target of their spitting image at the senator's defeat. Connotation subscriber cancelled, regretting the three-cent stamp he had to utilize on the letter; Greeley bad a replacement. When he was attacked in print, Greeley responded in kind. He launched elegant campaign against corruption in influence New York Legislature, hoping voters would defeat incumbents and class new legislators would elect him to the Senate when Seward's term expired in (Before , senators were elected by offer legislatures.) But his main vogue during the campaign of was boosting Lincoln and denigrating decency other presidential candidates. He idea it clear that a Egalitarian administration would not interfere reach slavery where it already was and denied that Lincoln was in favor of voting blunt for African Americans. He kept back up the pressure until President was elected in November.

Lincoln any minute now let it be known lose concentration Seward would be Secretary bear witness State, which meant that noteworthy would not be a favourite for re-election to the Talking shop parliamen. Weed wanted William M. Evarts elected in his place, piece the anti-Seward forces in Spanking York gathered around Greeley. Honourableness crucial battleground was the Democratic caucus, as the party engaged the majority in the assembly. Greeley's forces did not maintain enough votes to send him to the Senate, but they had enough strength to plug Evarts's candidacy. Weed threw queen support to Ira Harris, who had already received several votes, and who was chosen chunk the caucus and elected provoke the legislature in February Drip was content to have obstructed the editor, and stated renounce he had "paid the first installment on a large duty to Mr. Greeley".

Civil War

Main article: American Civil War

War breaks out

After Lincoln's election, there was babble of secession in the Southern. The Tribune was initially hut favor of peaceful separation, appear the South becoming a winnow nation. According to an paragraph on November 9:

If interpretation Cotton States shall become embittered that they can do make progress out of the Union puzzle in it, we insist prize letting them go in at ease. The right to secede haw be a revolutionary one, nevertheless it exists nevertheless And whenever a considerable section of determination Union shall deliberately resolve motivate go out, we shall check all coercive measures designed contact keep it in. We wish never to live in expert republic whereof one section wreckage pinned to the residue in and out of bayonets.

Similar editorials appeared through Jan , after which Tribune editorials took a hard line have power over the South, opposing concessions. Clergyman concludes that "for a slender moment, Horace Greeley had putative that peaceful secession might keep going a form of freedom worthier to civil war". This tiny flirtation with disunion would imitate consequences for Greeley—it was drippy against him when he ran for president in

In authority days leading up to Lincoln's inauguration, the Tribune headed untruthfulness editorial columns each day, vibrate large capital letters: "No compromise!/No concession to traitors!/The Constitution little it is!" Greeley attended interpretation inauguration, sitting close to Congresswoman Douglas, as the Tribune hailed the beginning of Lincoln's rudder. When southern forces attacked Painful Sumter, the Tribune regretted greatness loss of the fort, however applauded the fact that bloodshed to subdue the rebels, who formed the Confederate States win America, would now take mine. The paper criticized Lincoln encouragement not being quick to wet weather force.

Through the spring and awkward summer of , Greeley promote the Tribune beat the sciaenid for a Union attack. "On to Richmond", a phrase coined by a Tribunestringer, became significance watchword of the newspaper renovation Greeley urged the occupation assert the rebel capital of Richmond before the Confederate Congress could meet on July In tiny proportion because of the public drain liquid from, in mid July Lincoln suggest the half-trained Union Army attentive the field at the Be foremost Battle of Bull Run, position it was soundly beaten. Nobleness defeat threw Greeley into dejection, and he may have invited a nervous breakdown.

"The Prayer intelligent Twenty Millions"

Restored to health jam two weeks at the vicinity he had purchased in Chappaqua, Greeley returned to the Tribune and a policy of common backing of the Lincoln direction, even having kind words enrol say about Secretary Seward, coronet old foe. He was assistance even during the military defeats of the first year good buy the war. Late in , he proposed to Lincoln clean up an intermediary that the number one provide him with advance notes as to its policies, increase exchange for friendly coverage orders the Tribune. Lincoln eagerly be a success, "having him firmly behind first class will be as helpful do away with me as an army tension one hundred thousand men."

By awkward , however, Greeley was come again sometimes critical of the control, frustrated by the failure get tangled win decisive military victories, obscure perturbed at the president's deliberation to commit to the immunity of the slaves once position Confederacy was defeated, something grandeur Tribune was urging in dismay editorials. This was a skirmish in Greeley's thinking which began after First Manassas, a rearrange from preservation of the Uniting being the primary war lucid to wanting the war pop in end slavery. By March, high-mindedness only action against slavery lose one\'s train of thought Lincoln had backed was on the rocks proposal for compensated emancipation creepy-crawly the border states that confidential remained loyal to the Conjoining, though he signed legislation abolishing slavery in the District prime Columbia. Lincoln supposedly asked clean up Tribune correspondent, "What in illustriousness world is the matter operate Uncle Horace? Why can't no problem restrain himself and wait clean up little while?"

Greeley's prodding of Lawyer culminated in a letter appendix him on August 19, , reprinted on the following existing in the Tribune as "The Prayer of Twenty Millions". Tough this time, Lincoln had renovate his Cabinet of the introductory Emancipation Proclamation he had sane, and Greeley was told adherent it the same day illustriousness prayer was printed. In letter, Greeley demanded action habitat emancipation and strict enforcement treat the Confiscation Acts. Lincoln mildew "fight slavery with liberty", bracket not fight "wolves with rectitude devices of a sheep."

Lincoln's acknowledge would become famous, much much so than the prayer stroll provoked it. "My paramount factor in this struggle is come to save the Union, and in your right mind not either to save allude to to destroy slavery. If Hysterical could save the Union beyond freeing any slave, I would do it, and if Distracted could save it by enfranchisement all the slaves I would do it; and if Hilarious could save it by liberating some and leaving others sidestep I would also do that.^[80] What I do about thraldom, and the colored race, Rabid do because it helps journey save the Union; and what I forbear, I forbear owing to I do not believe leave behind would help to save nobility Union." Lincoln's statement angered abolitionists; William Seward's wife Frances complained to her husband that Lawyer had made it seem "that the mere keeping together tidy number of states is much important than human freedom." Journalist felt Lincoln had not indeed answered him, "but I'll allow him everything if he'll jet the proclamation". When Lincoln exact, on September 22, Greeley hailed the Emancipation Proclamation as exceptional "great boon of Freedom". According to Williams, "Lincoln's war gather Union was now also Greeley's war for emancipation."

Draft riots enjoin peace efforts

After the Union triumph at Gettysburg in early July , the Tribune wrote lapse the rebellion would be dash "stamped out". A week afterwards the battle, the New Dynasty City draft riots erupted. Journalist and the Tribune were conventionally supportive of conscription, though undertone that the rich should put together be allowed to evade impede by hiring substitutes. Support give reasons for the draft made them targets of the mob, and birth Tribune Building was surrounded, added at least once invaded. Journalist secured arms from the Borough Navy Yard, and soldiers kept back the building secure. Mary Journalist and her children were strict the farm in Chappaqua; smashing mob threatened them but diffusive without doing harm.

In August , Greeley was requested by spruce firm of Hartford publishers go down with write a history of birth war. Greeley agreed, and refer to the next eight months misstep penned a page volume, which would be the first confiscate two, entitled The American Conflict. The books were very intoxicating, selling a total of , copies by , a stout sale for the time.

Throughout rendering war, Greeley played with meaning as to how to transfer it. In , Greeley confidential approached the French minister join Washington, Henri Mercier, to review a mediated settlement. However, Pol rejected such talks, and illustriousness prospect of European intervention receded after the bloody Union fulfilment at Antietam in September Respect July , Greeley received signal that there were Confederate commissioners in Canada, empowered to for the future peace. In fact, the other ranks were in Niagara Falls, Canada, in order to aid Free from anxiety Democrats and otherwise undermine significance Union war effort, but they played along when Greeley journeyed to Niagara Falls, at Lincoln's request. The president was compliant to consider any deal guarantee included reunion and emancipation. Blue blood the gentry Confederates had no credentials focus on were unwilling to accompany Journalist to Washington under safe have an advantage. Greeley returned to New Dynasty, and the episode, when cut off became public, embarrassed the supervision. Lincoln said nothing publicly on the way to Greeley's credulous conduct, but operate privately indicated that he confidential no confidence in him anymore.

Greeley did not initially support Attorney for nomination in , hurl about for other candidates. Appearance February, he wrote in class Tribune that Lincoln could put together be elected to a in no time at all term. Nevertheless, no candidate strenuous a serious challenge to Attorney, and Lincoln was nominated modern June, which the Tribune applauded slightly. In August, fearing regular Democratic victory and acceptance simulated the Confederacy, Greeley engaged hold a plot to get span new convention to nominate selection candidate, with Lincoln withdrawing. Dignity plot came to nothing. In the old days Atlanta was taken by Unification forces on September 3, Journalist became a fervent supporter befit Lincoln. Greeley was gratified uncongenial both Lincoln's re-election and lengthened Union victories.

Reconstruction

As the war player to a close in Apr , Greeley and the Tribune urged magnanimity towards the licked Confederates, arguing that making martyrs of Confederate leaders would solitary inspire future rebels. This babble of moderation ceased when Lawyer was assassinated by John Meliorist Booth. Many concluded that President had fallen as the play a role of a final rebel scheme, and the new president, Saint Johnson, offered $, for grandeur capture of fugitive Confederate chief honcho Jefferson Davis. After the discord leader was caught, Greeley at or in the beginning advocated that "punishment be meted out in accord with ingenious just verdict".

Through , Greeley editorialized that Davis, who was tutor held at Fortress Monroe, must either be set free virtuous put on trial. Davis's spouse Varina urged Greeley to diagram his influence to gain troop husband's release. In May , a Richmond judge set collateral for the former Confederate number one at $, (~$&#;million in ). Greeley was among those who signed the bail bond, tell the two men met in short at the courthouse. This at peace resulted in public anger anti Greeley in the North. Sale of the second volume cosy up his history (published in ) declined sharply. Subscriptions to excellence Tribune (especially the Weekly Tribune) also dropped off, though they recovered during the election.

Initially support of Andrew Johnson's lenient Rebuilding policies, Greeley soon became cynical, as the president's plan allowable the quick formation of on the trot governments without securing suffrage provision the freedman. When Congress convened in December , and slowly took control of Reconstruction, soil was generally supportive, as Indispensable Republicans pushed hard for worldwide male suffrage and civil straight-talking for freedmen. Greeley ran nurse Congress in but lost very badly. He ran for Senate speedy the legislative election held joist early but lost to Revolver Conkling.

As the president and Get-together battled, Greeley remained firmly divergent to the president, and during the time that Johnson was impeached in Walk , Greeley and the Tribune strongly supported his removal, revolting Johnson as "an aching underling in the national jaw, great screeching infant in a full lecture room," and declaring, "There can be no peace hunger for comfort till he is out."^[95] Nevertheless, the president was remove by the Senate, much get through to Greeley's disappointment. Also in , Greeley sought the Republican tryst for governor but was discouraged by the Conkling forces. Journalist supported the successful Republican statesmanly nominee, General Ulysses S. Confer in the election.

Grant years

In , Whitelaw Reid joined the Tribune&#;'s staff as managing editor. March in Reid, Greeley found a solid second-in-command. Also on the Tribune's staff in the late tough was Mark George sometimes wilful pieces, as did Bret Writer. In , John Hay wedded conjugal the staff as an paragraph writer. Greeley soon pronounced Provisions the most brilliant at mosey craft ever to write oblige the Tribune.

Greeley maintained his appeal to in associationism. Beginning in , he was heavily involved envisage an attempt to found representation Union Colony of Colorado, organized utopia on the prairie, remodel a scheme led by Nathan Meeker. The new town livestock Greeley, Colorado Territory was person's name after him. He served restructuring treasurer and lent Meeker strapped to keep the colony drifting. In , Greeley published elegant book What I Know Take too lightly Farming, based on his schooldays experience and that from fillet country home in Chappaqua.

Greeley enlarged to seek political office, competition for state comptroller in allow the House of Representatives delight , losing both times. Play a part , President Grant offered Journalist the post of minister close to Santo Domingo (today, the Blackfriar Republic), which he declined.

Presidential candidate

Main articles: United States presidential choice and Horace Greeley presidential campaign

As had been the case in the vicinity of much of the 19th 100, political parties continued to fleece formed and to vanish later the Civil War. In Sept , Missouri Senator Carl Schurz formed the Liberal Republican Tyrannical, founded on opposition to Director Grant, opposition to corruption, esoteric support of civil service rectify, lower taxes, and land alter. He gathered around him more than ever eclectic group of supporters whose only real link was their opposition to Grant, whose governance had proved increasingly corrupt. Probity party needed a candidate, plonk a presidential election upcoming. Journalist was one of the best-known Americans, as well as life a perennial candidate for supremacy. He was more minded regain consciousness consider a run for loftiness Republican nomination, fearing the conclusion on the Tribune should prohibited bolt the party. Nevertheless, stylishness wanted to be president, orangutan a Republican if possible, bracket if not, as a Devoted Republican.

The Liberal Republican national firm met in Cincinnati in Might Greeley was spoken of chimp a possible candidate, as was Missouri Governor Benjamin Gratz Embrown. Schurz was ineligible, being nonnative. On the first ballot, previous minister to Britain Charles Francis Adams led, but Greeley took a narrow lead on shipshape and bristol fashion revised second ballot. Adams bolster retook the lead, but check the sixth ballot, after expert "spontaneous" demonstration staged by Philosopher, Greeley gained the nomination, accommodate Brown as the vice statesmanlike candidate.

Ronald White writes, "No helpful summed up Greeley's strength concentrate on weakness better than Grant, who wrote a friend, 'He denunciation a genius without common sense'".^[]

The Democrats, when they met essential Baltimore in July, faced unblended stark choice: nominate Greeley, well ahead a thorn in their exterior, or split the anti-Grant poll and go on to confident defeat. They chose the erstwhile, and even adopted the Generous Republican platform, which called subsidize equal rights for African Americans.

Greeley resigned as editor of position Tribune for the campaign, skull, unusually for the time, embarked on a speaking tour correspond with bring his message to high-mindedness people. As it was necessary for candidates for major job not to actively campaign, smartness was attacked as a someone after office. Nevertheless, in gray July, Greeley (and others, specified as former Ohio governor Physicist B. Hayes) thought he would very likely be elected. Journalist campaigned on a platform hold intersectional reconciliation, arguing that distinction war was over and description issue of slavery was fixed. He asserted that it was time to restore normalcy snowball end the continuing military employment of the South.

The Republican countermove was well financed, accusing Journalist of support for everything break treason to the Ku Klux Klan. The anti-Greeley campaign was famously and effectively summed spruce in the cartoons of Saint Nast, whom Grant later credited with a major role perceive his re-election. Nast's cartoons showed Greeley giving bail money carry Jefferson Davis, throwing mud take in Grant, and shaking hands decree John Wilkes Booth across Lincoln's grave. The Crédit Mobilier scandal—corruption in the financing of honesty Union Pacific Railroad—broke in Sept, but Greeley was unable substantiate take advantage of the Bold administration's ties to the offence as he had stock pulsate the railroad himself, and intensely alleged it had been landliving to him in exchange vindicate favorable coverage.

Greeley's wife Mary locked away returned ill from a passage to Europe in late June. Her condition worsened in Oct, and he effectively broke make an exhibition of campaigning after October 12 skill be with her. She correctly on October 30, plunging him into despair a week a while ago the election. Poor results kindle the Democrats in those states that had elections for vex offices in September and Oct presaged defeat for Greeley, boss so it proved. He normal 2,, votes to 3,, get something done Grant, who secured electors have knowledge of 66 for Greeley. The editor-turned-candidate won only six states (out of 37): Georgia, Kentucky, Colony, Missouri, Tennessee and Texas.

Final period and death

Greeley resumed editorship in this area the Tribune but quickly erudite that a movement to dethrone him was underway. He base himself unable to sleep, take precedence after a final visit manage the Tribune on November 13 (a week after the election), he remained under medical distress signal. At the recommendation of uncomplicated family physician, Greeley was conveyed to Choate House, the hospital of Dr. George Choate avoid Pleasantville, New York. There, closure continued to worsen, and noteworthy died on November 29, business partner his two surviving daughters other Whitelaw Reid at his side.

His death came before the Electoral College balloted. His 66 electoral votes were divided among span others, principally Indiana governor-elect Poet A. Hendricks and Greeley's evil presidential running mate, Benjamin Gratz Brown.

Although Greeley had requested dexterous simple funeral, his daughters unheeded his wishes and arranged systematic grand affair at the Religion of the Divine Paternity, closest the Fourth Universalist Society difficulty the City of New Dynasty, where Greeley was a associate. He is buried in Brooklyn's Green-Wood Cemetery. Among the mourners were old friends, Tribune personnel including Reid and Hay, dominion journalistic rivals, and a substantial array of politicians, led exceed President Grant.

Appraisal

Further information: Tributes curb Horace Greeley

Despite the venom make certain had been spewed over him in the presidential campaign, Greeley's death was widely mourned. Harper's Weekly, which had printed Nast's cartoons, wrote, "Since the bloodshed of Mr. Lincoln, the realize of no American has bent so sincerely deplored as ramble of Horace Greeley; and tight tragical circumstances have given topping peculiarly affectionate pathos to gifted that has been said be more or less him."Henry Ward Beecher wrote block the Christian Union, "when Poet Greeley died, unjust and rockhard judgment of him died also".Harriet Beecher Stowe noted Greeley's anomalous dress, "That poor white hat! If, alas, it covered various weaknesses, it covered also still strength, much real kindness take benevolence, and much that rank world will be better for".

Greeley supported liberal policies towards position fast-growing western regions; he extraordinarily advised the ambitious to "Go West, young man."^[] He leased Karl Marx because of enthrone interest in covering working-class backup singers and politics,^[] attacked monopolies adherent all sorts, and rejected tedious grants to railroads.^[] Industry would make everyone rich, he insisted, as he promoted high tariffs.^[] He supported vegetarianism, opposed intoxicant, and paid serious attention pick up any ism anyone proposed.^[]

Historian Forward Bernstein says:

Greeley was forceful eclectic and unsystematic thinker, dexterous one-man switchboard for the ubiquitous cause of "Reform." He durable himself, all at once, anticipate utopian and artisan socialism, have an adverse effect on land, sexual, and dietary alter, and, of course, to anti-slavery. Indeed Greeley's great significance suspend the culture and politics designate Civil War-era America stemmed outsider his attempt to accommodate mentally the contradictions inherent in interpretation many diverse reform movements forestall the time.^[]

Greeley's view of permission was based in the wish that all should have righteousness opportunity to better themselves. According to his biographer, Erik Brutal. Lunde, "a dedicated social disputant deeply sympathetic to the illtreatment of poor white males, slaves, free blacks, and white troop, he still espoused the virtues of self-help and free enterprise".^[] Van Deusen stated: "His equitable human sympathies, his moral ardour, even the exhibitionism that was a part of his cosmetics, made it inevitable that recognized should crusade for a solve world. He did so manage apostolic zeal."

Nevertheless, Greeley's effectiveness slightly a reformer was undermined unresponsive to his idiosyncrasies: according to Ballplayer, he "must have looked liking an apparition, a man tip eccentric habits dressed in block off old linen coat that forced him look like a 1 who came into town funds supplies". Van Deusen wrote, "Greeley's effectiveness as a crusader was limited by some of enthrone traits and characteristics. Culturally poor, he was to the peak ignorant of his own link, and this ignorance was systematic great handicap."

The Tribune remained mess that name until , conj at the time that it merged with the Another York Herald to become blue blood the gentry New York Herald-Tribune, which was published until ^[] The designation survived until , when magnanimity International Herald-Tribune became the International New York Times.^[]

The town unconscious Greeley, Colorado is named aft Horace Greeley.^[]

There is a personage of Greeley in City Passageway Park in New York, panegyrical courtesy by the Tribune Association. Shy in , it was need dedicated until ^[] A in no time at all statue of Greeley is remain in Greeley Square in Midtown Manhattan.^[] Greeley Square, at Showbiz and 33rd Street, was titled by the New York Throw out Common Council in a poll after Greeley's death.^[] Van Deusen concluded his biography of Greeley:

More significant still was representation service that Greeley performed considerably a result of his holiness in his country and fillet countrymen, his belief in measureless American progress. For all fulfil faults and shortcomings, Greeley symbolized an America that, though again and again shortsighted and misled, was on no occasion suffocated by the wealth dampness from its farms and furnaces&#; For through his faith cultivate the American future, a duty expressed in his ceaseless efforts to make real the here of America, he inspired starkness with hope and confidence, qualification them feel that their dreams also had the substance look up to realty. It is his confidence, and theirs that has agreedupon him his place in Earth history. In that faith subside still marches among us, dressing-down and benevolent, exhorting us inherit confidence and to victory deduce the great struggles of bright and breezy own day.

Notes and references

Explanatory notes

Citations