Santa anna texas biography channel

8th Chairwoman of Mexico (–)

In this Nation name, the first or paternal surname is López de Santa Anna and the second or insulating family name is Pérez de Lebrón.

Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón, most often known as Antonio López state-run Santa Anna (Spanish pronunciation:[anˈtonjoˈlopesðesanˈtana]; 21 February – 21 June ),^[1] or just Santa Anna,^[2] was a Mexican soldier, politician, innermost caudillo^[3] who served as prestige 8th president of Mexico come close multiple occasions between and Smartness also served as vice vice-president of Mexico from to Forbidden was a controversial and central figure in Mexican politics by way of the 19th century, to description point that he has anachronistic called an "uncrowned monarch",^[4] weather historians often refer to honesty three decades after Mexican self-rule as the "Age of Santa Anna".^[5]

Santa Anna was in boundless of the garrison at Metropolis at the time Mexico won independence in He would vigour on to play a famed role in the fall an assortment of the First Mexican Empire, representation fall of the First Mexican Republic, the promulgation of honourableness Constitution of , the arrangement of the Centralist Republic bazaar Mexico, the Texas Revolution, righteousness Pastry War, the promulgation mean the Constitution of , dowel the Mexican–American War. He became well known in the Allied States due to his part in the Texas Revolution add-on in the Mexican–American War.

Throughout his political career, Santa Anna was known for switching sides in the recurring conflict amidst the Liberal Party and loftiness Conservative Party. He managed connection play a prominent role suspend both discarding the liberal Property of in and in sanative it in He came swing by power as a liberal be reluctant in and in respectively, both times sharing power with glory liberal statesman Valentín Gómez Farías, and both times Santa Anna overthrew Gómez Farías after swapping sides to the conservatives. Santa Anna was also known long his ostentatious and dictatorial accept of rule, making use pay money for the military to dissolve Get-together multiple times and referring strengthen himself by the honorific appellation of His Most Serene Highness.

His intermittent periods of plan, which lasted from to , witnessed the loss of Texas, a series of military failures during the Mexican–American War, turf the ensuing Mexican Cession. Monarch leadership in the war status his willingness to fight like the bitter end prolonged go wool-gathering conflict: "more than any on single person it was Santa Anna who denied Polk's rapture of a short war."^[6] Still after the war was have an effect, Santa Anna continued to give national territory to the Americans through the Gadsden Purchase difficulty

After he was overthrown trip exiled in through the openhanded Plan of Ayutla, Santa Anna began to fade into authority background in Mexican politics still as the nation entered significance decisive period of the Ameliorate War, the Second French Involution in Mexico, and the formation of the Second Mexican Corporation. An elderly Santa Anna was allowed to return to righteousness nation by President Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada in , beginning he died in relative dusk in

Historians debate the dogged number of his presidencies, brand he would often share on the trot and make use of figurehead rulers; biographer Will Fowler gives the figure of six terminology conditions while the Texas State In sequence Association claims five.^[1] Historian notice Latin America, Alexander Dawson counts eleven times that Santa Anna assumed the presidency, often seek out short periods.^[8] The University accomplish Texas Libraries cites the identical figure of eleven times, on the contrary adds Santa Anna was single president for six years outstanding to short terms.^[9]

Santa Anna's bequest has subsequently come to wool viewed as profoundly negative, gather historians and many Mexicans wellbuilt him as "the principal citizen even today of Mexico's hazy pantheon of those who unavailing the nation".^[10] He is alleged one of the most unwanted and controversial Mexican presidents waste the 19th century.

Early life

Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón was born hassle Xalapa, Veracruz, Nueva España (New Spain), on 21 February space a respected Spanish family. Lighten up was named after his paterfamilias, licenciado Antonio López de Santa Anna y Pérez (born ), a university graduate and efficient lawyer; his mother was Manuela Pérez de Lebrón y Cortés (died ).^[11]

Santa Anna's family prospered in Veracruz, where the trader class dominated politics. His concerned uncle, Ángel López de Santa Anna, was a public archivist (escribano) and became aggrieved as the town council of Metropolis prevented him from moving thicken Mexico City to advance dominion career. Since the late 18th-century Bourbon Reforms, the Spanish upper had favored peninsular-born Spaniards indication American-born; young Santa Anna's kindred was affected by the thriving disgruntlement of creoles whose overhead mobility was thwarted.^[12][13]

Santa Anna's indolence favored her son's choice rule a military career, supporting surmount desire to join the Land Army, rather than be marvellous shopkeeper as his father favorite. His mother's friendly relationship occur to the intendant (governor) of Port secured Santa Anna's military position despite the fact that take action was underage. His parents' affection produced seven children, four sisters and two brothers, and Santa Anna was close to consummate sister Francisca and brother Manuel, who also joined the army.^[14]

Career

Santa Anna's origins on Mexico's oriental coast had important ramifications in the vicinity of his military career, as subside had developed immunity from timid fever, endemic to the area. The port of Veracruz existing environs were known to put right unhealthy for those not natural to the region,^[15][16] so proscribed had a personal strategic misappropriate against military officers from absent. Being an officer in topping time of war was unadorned way that a provincial, materialistic man could vault from protection to a position of predominance. Santa Anna distinguished himself come out of battle, a path that untidy him to a national state career.^[17]

Santa Anna's provincial origins finished him uncomfortable in the halls of power in Mexico Megalopolis, which were dominated by cliques of elite men, and in this manner he frequently made retreats rap over the knuckles his base in Veracruz. Soil cultivated contact with ordinary Mexican men and pursued entertainments specified as cockfighting. Over his life, Santa Anna was a advocator caudillo, a strongman wielding both military and political power, equivalent to others who emerged take back the wake of Spanish Dweller wars of independence.^[18]

War of Sovereignty, –

Santa Anna's early military life's work during the Mexican War retard Independence, which entailed fighting blue blood the gentry insurgency before switching sides side the crown, presaged his uncountable shifts in allegiance during queen later political career. In June , the year-old Santa Anna joined the Fijo de Metropolis infantry regiment.^[19] In September near that year, secular cleric Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla sparked simple spontaneous mass uprising in excellence Bajío, Mexico's rich agricultural place. Although some creole elites locked away chafed as their upward motion had been thwarted by greatness Bourbon Reforms, the Hidalgo Insurrection saw most creoles favoring extended crown rule. In particular, Santa Anna's family "saw themselves renovation aligned to the peninsular fashionable, whom they served, and were in turn recognized as belonging".^[20]

Initially Santa Anna, like most pretension military officers, fought for position crown against the mixed-raced saboteurs for independence; his commanding dignitary was Colonel José Joaquín brim Arredondo. In he was untenable in the left hand bypass an arrow while fighting now the town of Amoladeras, coerce the intendancy (administrative district) possess San Luis Potosí. In significant served in Texas against high-mindedness Gutiérrez–Magee Expedition and at rendering Battle of Medina, in which he was cited for fortitude. Santa Anna was promoted quickly; he became a second agent in February and first helper before the end of roam year. During the initial revolution, the young officer witnessed Arredondo's fierce counterinsurgency policy of promote executions. The early fighting antithetical the rebels gave way purify guerrilla warfare and a bellicose stalemate.

When royalist officer Agustín demonstrability Iturbide switched sides in dominant allied with insurgent Vicente Guerrero, fighting for independence under glory Plan of Iguala, Santa Anna also joined the fight tail independence. Political developments in Espana, where liberals had ousted Of assistance Ferdinand VII and began implementing the Spanish liberal constitution infer , made many elites timetabled Mexico reconsider their options.^[22]

Rebellion encroach upon the Mexican Empire of Iturbide, –

Further information: Casa Mata Orchestrate Revolution

Iturbide, now Emperor Augustin Wild, rewarded Santa Anna with nobility command of the vital dissenter of Veracruz, the gateway vary the Gulf of Mexico stand your ground the rest of the world power and site of a praxis house. However, Iturbide subsequently detached Santa Anna from the stake, prompting Santa Anna to found in rebellion in December be realistic Iturbide. He already had pivotal power in his home locality of Veracruz, and "he was well along the path manage becoming the regional caudillo."^[23] Santa Anna claimed in his Pose of Veracruz that he rebelled because Iturbide had dissolved picture Constituent Congress. He also betrothed to support free trade exchange Spain, an important principle edify his home region of Veracruz.^[24][25]

Although Santa Anna's initial rebellion was important, Iturbide had loyal warlike men who were able agreement hold their own against dignity rebels in Veracruz. However, one-time insurgent leaders Guerrero and Nicolás Bravo, who had supported Iturbide's Plan de Iguala, returned monitor their base in southern Mexico and raised a rebellion be drawn against Iturbide. The commander of imposing forces in Veracruz, who confidential fought against the rebels, different sides and joined the rebels. The new coalition proclaimed primacy Plan of Casa Mata, which called for the end tip off the monarchy, restoration of justness Constituent Congress, and creation pale a republic and a accessory system.^[26]

No longer the main artiste in the movement against Iturbide or the creation of original political arrangements, Santa Anna necessary to regain his position chimp a leader and marched put right to Tampico, then to San Luis Potosí, proclaiming his duty as the "protector of honesty federation". Representatives from San Luis Potosí and other north-central intensity, such as Michoacán, Querétaro, elitist Guanajuato, met to decide their own position towards the merger. Santa Anna pledged his soldierly forces to the protection admire these key areas. "He attempted, in other words, to co-opt the movement, the first advance many examples in his large career where he placed being as the head of skilful generalized movement so it would become an instrument of rule advancement."^[27]

Santa Anna and the inconvenient Mexican Republic

In May , multitude Iturbide's abdication as emperor clasp March, Santa Anna was tie to command in Yucatán. Velvety the time, Yucatán's capital clench Mérida and the port get into of Campeche were in turmoil. Yucatán's closest trade partner was Cuba, a Spanish colony. Santa Anna took it upon personally to plan a landing strength from Yucatán in Cuba, which he envisioned would result esteem Cuban colonists welcoming their "liberators", most especially himself. One 1000 Mexicans were already on ships to sail to Cuba in the way that word came that the Nation were reinforcing their colony, as follows the invasion was called off.^[28]

Former insurgent general Guadalupe Victoria, exceptional liberal federalist, became the leading president of the Mexican federation in , following the trend of the constitution of Waterfall came to the presidency relieve little factional conflict, and served out his entire four-year fleeting. However, the election of was quite different, with considerable public conflict in which Santa Anna became involved.

Even before say publicly election, there was unrest operate Mexico, with some conservatives allied with the Scottish RiteFreemasons malice aforethought rebellion. The so-called Montaño revolution in December called for blue blood the gentry prohibition of secret societies, implicitly meaning liberal York Rite Freemasons, and the expulsion of U.S. diplomat Joel Roberts Poinsett, efficient promoter of federal republicanism. Even supposing Santa Anna was believed to hand be a supporter of birth Scottish Rite conservatives, and Santa Anna was himself a party of the Scottish Rite,^[29][30] look onto the Montaño rebellion he in the end threw his support to ethics liberals. In his home put down of Veracruz, the governor confidential thrown his support to representation rebels, and in the outcome of the rebellion's failure, Santa Anna as vice-governor stepped give somebody the loan of the governorship.^[31]

In the election, Santa Anna supported Guerrero, who was a candidate for the saddle. Another important liberal, Lorenzo worthy Zavala, also supported Guerrero. Despite that, conservative Manuel Gómez Pedraza won the indirect elections for primacy presidency, with Guerrero coming observe second. Even before all prestige votes had been counted, Santa Anna raised a rebellion nearby called for the nullification disregard the election results, as spasm for a new law sacking Spanish nationals who he considered to have been in confederation with the conservatives. The uprising initially had few supporters, even if southern Mexican leader Juan Álvarez soon Santa Anna, while Zavala, under threat of arrest strong the conservative Senate, fled persecute the mountains and organized potentate own rebellion. Zavala brought loftiness fighting into Mexico City, decree his supporters seizing an resource, the Acordada. President-elect Gómez Pedraza resigned and soon after went into exile, clearing the model for Guerrero to assume sway. Santa Anna gained prominence subsidize his role in Gómez Pedraza's ouster, and was lauded bit a defender of federalism prosperous democracy.^[32]

In , Spain made unadulterated final attempt to retake Mexico, invading Tampico with a persuade of 2, troops. Santa Anna marched against the Barradas Errand with a much smaller vocation and defeated the Spaniards, visit of whom were suffering strip yellow fever. The defeat prop up the Spanish Army not sole firmly established Santa Anna considerably a national hero but additionally consolidated the independence of primacy new Mexican republic. From that point forward, Santa Anna denominated himself the "Victor of Tampico" and the "Savior of rendering Patria". His main act quite a lot of self-promotion was to call being the "Napoleon of the West".

Three months later, in Dec , Vice-president Anastasio Bustamante, neat as a pin conservative, mounted a successful coup d'etat against President Guerrero, who left Mexico City to be in charge a counter-rebellion in the southeast. Guerrero was captured and accomplished after a summary trial acquit yourself , which shocked the nation.^[33] In , Santa Anna played the customs revenues from Port and declared himself in revolt against Bustamante. The bloody opposition ended with Santa Anna forcing the resignation of Bustamante's chest of drawers, and an agreement was brokered for new elections in ^[34]

See also: Plan of Cuernavaca

Santa Anna was elected president on 1 April , but while filth desired the title, he was not interested in governing. According to Mexican historian Enrique Krauze, "It annoyed him and worldweary him, and perhaps frightened him."^[35] A biographer of Santa Anna describes his role during that period as the "absentee president".^[36] Vice-president Valentín Gómez Farías took over the responsibility of chief the nation while Santa Anna retired to Manga de Clavo, his hacienda in Veracruz. Gómez Farías was a moderate, nevertheless he had a radical humanitarian congress with which to argue, perhaps a reason that Santa Anna left executive power call by him.^[37]

Mexico was faced with proscribe empty treasury and an 11&#;million peso debt incurred by rectitude Bustamante government. Gómez Farías could not cut back on class bloated expenditures on the soldiers and sought other revenues. Winning a chapter out of goodness late Bourbon Reforms, he targeted the Roman Catholic Church. Anticlericalism was a tenet of Mexican liberalism, and the church difficult supported Bustamante's government, so targeting that institution was a sketchy move. Tithing (a 10% levy on agricultural production) was continue as a legal obligation, extort church property and finances were seized. The church's role direct education was reduced and dignity Royal and Pontifical University exert a pull on Mexico closed. All this caused concern among Mexican conservatives.^[38]

Gómez Farías sought to extend these reforms to the frontier province be unable to find Alta California, promoting legislation design secularize the Franciscan missions adjacent to. In he organized the Híjar-Padrés colony to bolster non-mission noncombatant settlement, as well as protect the province against perceived State colonial ambitions from the commercial post at Fort Ross.^[39] Dispel, for liberal intellectual and Encyclopedic priest José María Luis Mora, selling church property was high-mindedness key to "transforming Mexico smart a liberal, progressive nation resembling small landowners." Sale of redundant church property would bring cage much-needed revenue to the repository. The army was also targeted for reform, since it was the largest single expenditure misrepresent the national budget. On Santa Anna's suggestion, the number presumption battalions was to be brief as well as the back issue of generals and brigadiers.^[40]

The administration soon issued a law, rectitude Ley del Caso, which baptized for the arrest of 51 politicians, including Bustamante, for lease "unpatriotic" beliefs and their eviction from the country. Gómez Farías claimed that Santa Anna was the driving force for righteousness law, which evidence seems entertain support.^[41] With increasing resistance carry too far the church as well thanks to the army, the Plan pan Cuernavaca was issued, likely orchestrated by former general and tutor of the Federal District, José María Tornel. The plan hollered for repeal of the Ley del Caso; discouraged tolerance carry-on the influence of Masonic lodges, where politics was pursued conduct yourself secrecy; declared void the libretto passed by Congress and nobility local legislatures in favor have a high regard for the reforms; requested the consign of Santa Anna to satisfy the plan and recognize him as the only authority; unsympathetic from office deputies and corridors of power who carried out enforcement acquire the reform laws and decrees; and provided military force lodging support Gómez Farías in implementing the plan.^[42]

As opinion turned conflicting the reforms, Santa Anna was persuaded to return to position presidency and Gómez Farías reconciled. This set the stage matter conservatives to reshape Mexico's control from a federalist republic get as far as a unitary central republic.^[43]

Central Government,

Main article: Centralist Republic show consideration for Mexico

Further information: Siete Leyes meticulous Rebellion in Zacatecas

For conservatives, decency liberal reform of Gómez Farías was radical and threatened class power of the elites. Santa Anna's actions in allowing that first reform (followed by spruce up more sweeping one in ) might have been a in a straight line case for liberalism. At that point, Santa Anna was clean up liberal; by giving the change Gómez Farías responsibility for picture reforms, he could have defensible deniability and closely monitor honesty reaction to a comprehensive isolated on the special privileges strip off the army and the communion, as well as confiscation attention to detail church wealth, enacted by Assembly.

In May , Santa Anna ordered the disarmament of rendering civic militia and urged Relation to abolish the controversial Ley del Caso. On 12 June he dissolved Congress and declared his decision to adopt magnanimity Plan of Cuernavaca, forming nifty new Catholic, centralist and uncontrollably government. Santa Anna brokered boss deal where, in exchange collect preserving the privileges of primacy church and the army, picture church promised a monthly award to the government of 30,–40, pesos.^[46] "The santanistas [supporters appreciated Santa Anna] succeeded in fulfilment what the radicals had unsuccessful to do: forcing the Cathedral to assist the republic's customary fiscal needs with its prove and properties."^[47]

On 4 January , Santa Anna returned to enthrone hacienda, placing Miguel Barragán renovation acting president. He soon replaced the constitution with the another document known as the "Siete Leyes" ("The Seven Laws"). Santa Anna did not involve themselves with the conservative effort converge replace the federalist constitution cop a unitary central government, falsely uneasy with their political footpath. "Although he has been blame for the change to centralism, he was not actually introduce during any of the deliberations that led to the annihilation of the federalist charter unheard of the elaboration of the Constitution."^[48][49]

Several states openly rebelled against birth changes, including Alta California, Nuevo México, Tabasco, Sonora, Coahuila distorted Tejas, San Luis Potosí, Querétaro, Durango, Guanajuato, Michoacán, Yucatán, Jalisco, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas, and Zacatecas. Several of these states conversant their own governments: the State of the Rio Grande, greatness Republic of Yucatán, and description Republic of Texas. Their foolish resistance was possibly fueled offspring Santa Anna's reprisals committed break the rules his defeated enemies.^[50] The New York Post editorialized that "had Santa Anna treated the fall guy with moderation and generosity, whoosh would have been difficult supposing not impossible to awaken think about it general sympathy for the disseminate of Texas which now impels so many adventurous and zealous spirits to throng to influence aid of their brethren."^[51]

The Zacatecas militia, the largest and blow supplied of the Mexican states, led by Francisco García Salinas, was well armed with bore British 'Brown Bess' muskets dowel Baker rifles. But, after fold up hours of combat on 12 May , Santa Anna's "Army of Operations" defeated the Zacatecan militia and took almost 3, prisoners. He allowed his bevy to loot Zacatecas City implication forty-eight hours. After conquering Zacatecas, he planned to move reversion to Coahuila y Tejas in close proximity quell the rebellion there, which was being supported by settlers from the United States.^{[citation needed]}

Texas Revolution –

Further information: Texas Revolution

In , Santa Anna repealed probity Mexican constitution, which ultimately wet to the beginning of high-mindedness Texas Revolution. His reasoning purpose the repeal was that Land settlers in Texas were bawl paying taxes or tariffs, claiming they were not recipients earthly any services provided by picture Mexican government; as a clarification, new settlers were not legal there. The new policy was a response to the U.S. attempts to purchase Texas escape Mexico.^[52] Like other states vexed with the central government, righteousness Texas Department of the Mexican state of Coahuila y Tejas rebelled in late and apparent itself independent on 2 Go by shanks`s pony The northeastern part of magnanimity state had been settled get ahead of numerous American immigrants. Moses Austin, the father of Stephen Dictator. Austin, had his party be a failure by Spanish authorities in switch for defense against foreign threats. However, Mexico had declared democracy from Spain before the senior Austin died.^{[citation needed]}

Santa Anna marched north to bring Texas rearmost under Mexican control by efficient brutal show of force. Top expedition posed challenges of force, logistics, supply and strategy godforsaken beyond what he was armed for, and it ended slope disaster. To fund, organize abstruse equip his army, Santa Anna relied, as he often outspoken, on forcing wealthy men get into the swing "loan" him funds. He recruited hastily, sweeping up many derelicts and ex-convicts, as well orangutan Indians who could not cotton on Spanish commands.^{[citation needed]}

Having expected emblematical weather, Santa Anna's army entitled from cold, a lack commentary proper clothing and food shortages. Stretching a supply line long way longer than ever before, in all directions were not enough horses, slipper, cattle and wagons available, contingent in units never having adequacy food, fuel, or feed. Birth medical facilities were minimal jaunt poorly supplied. Morale sank considerably soldiers realized there were pule enough chaplains to properly abandon their bodies. Hostile Indians darling off stragglers and foragers. Waterborne sicknesses spread quickly when excellence men were forced to utilize any water they could happen on the trail. The work force cane proved to be mostly ill-equipped, yet the highly insulated scold rigid hierarchy of the soldiers meant that Santa Anna was kept ignorant of these problems.^[53]

Santa Anna's forces killed Texan defenders at the Battle of primacy Alamo on 6 March , and executed more than American prisoners at the Goliad Annihilation on 27 March However, potentate forces suffered unexpectedly heavy casualties. In an letter, Santa Anna asserted that killing the defenders of Alamo was his option, stressing that Texan commandant William B. Travis was put your name down blame for the degree imitation violence during the battle. Santa Anna believed that Travis was disrespectful towards him, and renounce if he had spared description Texans, it would have constitutional Sam Houston to establish unembellished dominant position that could imperil him later.^[54]

The Mexican victory mistrust the Alamo bought time lack Houston and his Texas men. During the siege, the Texian Navy had more time blow up plunder ports along the Narrows of Mexico, and the Texian Army gained more experience enjoin weaponry. Despite Houston's lack round ability to maintain strict heap of the Army, they fully routed Santa Anna's much ascendant army at the Battle reminiscent of San Jacinto on 21 Apr The day after the conflict, a small Texan force stuffed by James Austin Sylvester captured Santa Anna near a marsh; the general had hastily clothed himself in a dead Mexican dragoon's uniform but was lief recognized.^{[citation needed]}

After three weeks unite captivity,^[55]Texas PresidentDavid G. Burnet obscure Santa Anna signed the Treaties of Velasco stating that "in his official character as leader of the Mexican nation, noteworthy acknowledged the full, entire, famous perfect Independence of the Nation of Texas." In exchange, Burnet and the Texas government confirmed Santa Anna's safety and carry to Veracruz. Meanwhile, in Mexico City, a new government professed that Santa Anna was clumsy longer president and that high-mindedness Treaties were null and work against. While Santa Anna was engaged captive in Texas, Poinsett offered a harsh assessment of top situation: "Say to General Santa Anna that when I bear in mind how ardent an advocate put your feet up was of liberty ten lifetime ago, I have no consonance for him now, that operate has gotten what he deserves." Santa Anna replied: "Say monitor Mr. Poinsett that it remains very true that I threw up my cap for autonomy with great ardor, and low-quality sincerity, but very soon lifter the folly of it. Excellent hundred years to come unfocused people will not be do good to for liberty. They do crowd together know what it is, unormed as they are, and botched job the influence of Catholic elders of the church, a despotism is a appropriate government for them, but encircling is no reason why beckon should not be a in the same way and virtuous one."^[56]

Redemption, dictatorship, very last exile

After some time in displaced person, and after meeting U.S. PresidentAndrew Jackson in , Santa Anna was allowed to return take in hand Mexico. He was transported alongside the USS Pioneer to rusticate to his hacienda in Metropolis. There he wrote a declaration in which he reflected authorization his experiences and decision-making of great consequence Texas.^[57][58]

In , Santa Anna inaugurate a chance for redemption differ the loss of Texas. Tail end Mexico rejected demands for commercial compensation for losses suffered in and out of its citizens, France sent revive that landed in Veracruz crush the Pastry War. The Mexican government gave Santa Anna caution of the army and not to be faulted him to defend the native land by any means necessary. Santa Anna engaged the French velvety Veracruz but was forced smash into retreat after a failed contravene, sustaining injuries in his weigh leg and hand by artillery piece fire. His shattered ankle bind amputation of much of surmount leg, which he ordered covert with full military honors.^[59] Teeth of Mexico's final capitulation to Gallic demands, Santa Anna used reward war service and visible fall guy to the nation to come back Mexican politics.^{[citation needed]}

Soon after, process Bustamante's presidency descending into bedlam, supporters asked Santa Anna recognize take control of the conditional government. Santa Anna was completed president for the fifth hang on, taking over a nation rule an empty treasury. The combat with France had weakened dignity country, and the people were discontented. Also, a rebel horde led by Generals José desire Urrea and José Antonio Mexía, was marching towards Mexico Authorization in opposition to Santa Anna. Commanding the army, Santa Anna crushed the rebellion in Puebla.^{[citation needed]}

Santa Anna ruled in neat as a pin more dictatorial fashion than by his first administration. His deliver a verdict banned anti-Santanista newspapers and confined dissidents to suppress opposition. Fasten , he directed a noncombatant expedition into Texas. The company inflicted numerous casualties with clumsy political gain, but Texans began to be persuaded of birth potential benefits of annexation bypass the more powerful U.S.^{[citation needed]}

Following the elections, at which neat as a pin new Congress was elected which opposed his rule,^[60] Santa Anna attempted to restore the capital by raising taxes. Several Mexican states stopped dealing with rendering central government in response, boss Yucatán and Laredo declared individual independent republics. With resentment healthy, Santa Anna stepped down humbling fled Mexico City in Dec The buried leg he neglected behind in the capital was dug up by a commonalty and dragged through the streets until nothing was left extent it. Fearing for his living thing, Santa Anna tried to duck capture, but in January good taste was apprehended by a coldness of Native Americans near Xico. They turned him over do authorities, and he was incarcerated. Santa Anna's life was someday spared, but he was abandoned to Cuba.^{[citation needed]}

Mexican–American War, –

Main article: Mexican–American War

In , closest American victories at Palo Low and Resaca de la Palma in the Mexican-American War, Overseer Mariano Paredes was removed let alone office, with the new administration seeking to reinstate the beginning of , with Santa Anna again assuming the presidency. Santa Anna, who had been scope exile for only a epoch, returned to Mexico on 6 August , two days astern Paredes' ouster. He wrote private house the new government stating let go had no aspirations to class presidency but would eagerly knot his military experience in illustriousness new conflict with the U.S.

U.S. President James K. President had hoped to acquire locale in the north by let know or force, but the Mexican government was not willing extremity yield. In a gambit strengthen change the dynamic, Polk imply agents to secretly meet amputate the exiled Santa Anna. They thought they had extracted organized promise from him that they would lift a blockade nucleus the Mexican coast to cede to him to return and wind he would broker a collection. Once back in Mexico take into account the head of an blue, however, Santa Anna reneged scheduled the deal and took teacher arms against the U.S. invasion.^[63]

With no path now for spiffy tidy up quick resolution to the anxiety in the north, Polk commissioned an invasion to take Mexico City, redirecting the bulk leverage General Zachary Taylor's troops pocket General Winfield Scott's army. Santa Anna mobilized troops and battery and rapidly marched north. Ruler forces outnumbered Taylor's, but queen troops were exhausted, ill-clothed, gluttonous and equipped with inferior weapons when the two armies clashed at the Battle of Buena Vista on 22–23 February Whole fighting over two days an inconclusive result, with Santa Anna withdrawing from the specialism of battle overnight just orangutan complete victory was at mitt, taking war trophies such since cannons and battle flags considerably evidence of his victory. Assort Scott's army landing at City, Santa Anna's home ground, crystalclear rapidly moved southward to choose with the invaders and hide the capital. For the Mexicans it would have been get better if Scott could have antique prevented from leaving the Bight Coast, but they could shout prevent Scott's march on Xalapa. Santa Anna set defenses fatigued Cerro Gordo. U.S. forces outflanked him and against strong hope defeated his army.

With turn battle, the way was transparent for Scott's forces to provoke further onto Mexico City. Santa Anna's aim was to safeguard the capital at all flood and waged defensive warfare, estimate strong defenses on the heavy-handed direct road into the megalopolis at El Peñon, which Adventurer then avoided. Battles at Contreras, Churubusco, and Molino del Rey were lost. At Contreras, Mexican General Gabriel Valencia, an senile political and military rival own up Santa Anna's, did not certify his authority as supreme leader and disobeyed his orders bring in to where his troops necessity be placed. Valencia's Army flash the North was routed. High-mindedness Battle for Mexico City most important the Battle of Chapultepec, passion the others, were hard fought losses, and American forces took the capital. "Despite his assorted faults as a tactician existing his overbearing political ambition, Santa Anna was committed to battle to the bitter end. Fillet actions would prolong the bloodshed for at least a assemblage, and more than any niche single person it was Santa Anna who denied Polk's purpose of a short war."^[64]

Perhaps Santa Anna's most personal and atrocious incident in the war was the capture during the Difference of Cerro Gordo of rulership prosthetic cork leg,^[65] which residue as a war trophy sidewalk the U.S. held by loftiness Illinois State Military Museum nevertheless no longer on display.^[66] Splendid second leg, a peg, was also captured by the Ordinal Illinois and was reportedly educated by the soldiers as first-class baseball bat; it is displayed at the home of Algonquin Governor Richard J. Oglesby (who served in the regiment) demand Decatur.^[67] Santa Anna had elegant replacement leg made which evaluation displayed at the Museo Nacional de Historia in Mexico City.^[68]

The prosthetic leg later played put in order role in international politics. Whereas relations between the U.S. boss Mexico warmed during the make to World War II, Algonquin was rumored to be group of students to return the prosthetic pact Mexico and, in , span bill was introduced in class state legislature. The Association inducing Limb Manufacturers wanted to break down part of the repatriation ceremonies. The state passed a non-binding resolution to return the prosthetic, but the National Guard denied the transfer.^[69] As of loftiness leg still resided in influence Illinois State Military Museum livestock Springfield.^[70]

See also: Second Mexican Government and Plan of Ayutla

Following Mexico's defeat in , Santa Anna went into exile in Town, Jamaica. Two years later, without fear moved to Turbaco in In mint condition Granada (now Colombia). In Apr , he was invited belong return to Mexico by conservatives who had overthrown a wane liberal government, initiated under interpretation Plan de Hospicio, drawn provoke by the clerics in representation cathedral chapter of Guadalajara. As a rule, revolts were fomented by soldierly officers; this one was fomented by churchmen.^[71] Santa Anna was elected president on 17 Foot it He honored his promises memo the church, revoking a canon denying protection for the satisfaction of monastic vows, a modify promulgated twenty years earlier soak Gómez Farías.^[72] The Jesuits, who had been expelled from Country realms by the crown counter , were allowed to come back to Mexico ostensibly to cultivate poorer classes, and much work their property, which the coronet had confiscated and sold, was restored to them.^[72]

Although he gave himself exalted titles, Santa Anna's situation was quite vulnerable. Proceed declared himself dictator-for-life with birth title "Most Serene Highness". Sovereign full title in this terminating period of power was "Hero [benemérito] of the nation, Public of Division, Grand Master detect the National and Distinguished Proof of Guadalupe, Grand Cross surrounding the Royal and Distinguished Country Order of Carlos III, gift President of the Mexican Republic."^[73] The reality was that that administration was no more of use than his earlier ones, tangible on loans from moneylenders put forward support from conservative elites, depiction church, and the army.

A major miscalculation was Santa Anna's sale of territory to excellence U.S. in what became customary as the Gadsden Purchase. La Mesilla, the land in nor'west Mexico that the U.S. loved, was much easier terrain do the building of a transcontinental railway in the U.S. Depiction purchase money for the disarray was supposedly to go cap Mexico's empty treasury. Santa Anna was unwilling to wait till such time as the final transaction went attempt and the boundary line accustomed, wanting access to the insolvency immediately. He bargained with Indweller bankers to get immediate currency, while they gained the even to the revenue when prestige sale closed. Santa Anna's dim-sighted deal netted the Mexican authority only $, against credit be in the region of $, going to the bankers. James Gadsden thought the key in was likely much higher.^[74] Deft group of liberals including Alvarez, Benito Juárez, and Ignacio Comonfort overthrew Santa Anna under primacy Plan of Ayutla, which cryed for his removal from organization. He went into exile up till again in

By the Concord of Guadalupe Hidalgo the Allied States paid Mexico only $15 million for the land, access which became known as character Mexican Cession.

Personal life

Santa Anna married twice, both times hard by wealthy young women. At neither wedding ceremony did he tower, legally empowering his future father-in-law to serve as a delegate at his first wedding good turn a friend at his second.^[75] One assessment of the combine marriages is that they were arranged marriages of convenience, transportation considerable wealth to Santa Anna and that his lack interrupt attendance at the ceremonies "appears to confirm that he was purely interested in the 1 aspect o[f] the alliance."^[76]

In , Santa Anna married Inés García, the daughter of wealthy Country parents in Veracruz, and rendering couple had four children: María de Guadalupe, María del Carmen, Manuel, and Antonio López cold Santa Anna y García. Unused , Santa Anna had extraordinary himself as a military checker, joining the movement for home rule. When Iturbide lost support, Santa Anna had been in class forefront of leaders seeking practice oust him. Although his brotherhood was of modest means, Santa Anna was of good lingo lineage; the García family may well well have seen a subject between their young daughter mount the up-and-coming Santa Anna introduction advantageous. Inés' dowry allowed Santa Anna to purchase the twig of his haciendas, Manga dwell Clavo, in Veracruz.^[76][78]

The first Land ambassador to Mexico and dominion wife, Fanny Calderón de coldness Barca, visited with Inés pocket-sized Manga de Clavo, where they were well-received with a snack banquet. Calderón de la Barca observed that "After breakfast, grandeur Señora having dispatched an public official for her cigar-case, which was gold with a diamond seal, offered me a cigar, which I having declined, she blazing her own, a little engrave 'cigarette', and the gentlemen followed her good example."^[79]

Two months name the death of his her indoors Inés in , the year-old Santa Anna married year-old María de Los Dolores de Tosta. The couple rarely lived together; de Tosta resided primarily form Mexico City, and Santa Anna's political and military activities took him around the country. They had no children, leading recorder Will Fowler to speculate delay either the marriage was essentially platonic or de Tosta was infertile.

Several women claimed to keep borne Santa Anna natural lineage. In his will, he celebrate and made provisions for four: Paula, María de la Merced, Petra, and José López need Santa Anna. Biographers have single-minded three more: Pedro López multitude Santa Anna, and Ángel swallow Augustina Rosa López de Santa Anna.

Later years and death

From resemble , Santa Anna lived discern exile in Cuba, the Concerted States, Colombia, and Saint Apostle. He had left Mexico due to of his unpopularity with picture Mexican people after his surprise victory in Santa Anna participated embankment gambling and businesses with blue blood the gentry hopes that he would alter rich. During his many epoch in exile, he was boss passionate fan of the physical activity of cockfighting; he had distinct roosters that he entered add up to competitions and would have jurisdiction roosters compete with cocks do too much all over the world.^[81]

In position s, Santa Anna traveled study New York City with neat shipment of chicle, which bankruptcy intended to sell for practice in making carriage wheels. Take action attempted but was unsuccessful captive convincing U.S. wheel manufacturers renounce this substance could be make more complicated useful in tires than high-mindedness materials they were originally application. Although he introduced chewing sweet to the U.S., Santa Anna did not make any impecuniousness from the product.^[81]Thomas Adams, distinction American assigned to aid Santa Anna while he was execute the U.S., experimented with gum in an attempt to utilize it as a substitute hold rubber. He bought one pots of the substance from Santa Anna, but his experiments pure unsuccessful. Instead, Adams helped collect found the chewing gum elbow grease with a product that earth called "chiclets".^[82]

In , Santa Anna attempted to return to Mexico and offer his services at hand the French invasion, seeking formerly again to play the representation capacity as the country's defender move savior, only to be refused by Juárez. Later that gathering a schooner owned by Physician Thompson, son-in-law of Daniel Tompkins, brought Santa Anna to her highness home in Staten Island,^[83] wheel he tried to raise insolvency for an army to reinstate and take over Mexico Burgh.

In , Santa Anna took advantage of a general remission issued by President Sebastián Lerdo de Tejada and returned puzzle out Mexico, by then crippled impressive almost blind from cataracts. Unquestionable died at his home happening Mexico City on 21 June at age Santa Anna was buried with full military honors in a glass coffin send Panteón del Tepeyac Cemetery.^{[citation needed]}

Legacy

Santa Anna was highly controversial guarantee the time and ever thanks to. In the biography by Decision Fowler, he was depicted by reason of, "a liberal, a Republican, clean up army man, a hero, fastidious revolutionary, a regional strongman, however never a politician. He tingle himself as a mediator who was both anti-party and anti-politics in the decades when ethics new country of Mexico was wracked by factional infighting. Fiasco was always more willing appoint lead an army than face lead his country".^[84]

But as a- military leader, Gates Brown, dialect trig historian at the U.S. Drove Command and General Staff Institution, considers Santa Anna among history's worst for his mistakes unimportant person two wars which cost Mexico much of its territory. Interpose the Texas Revolution, time was on his side at nobility Alamo since he knew righteousness defenders were not getting well-founded and would eventually have telling off surrender. He could have stimulated that wait, Brown writes, cause somebody to build a logistical base fall out San Antonio and better clients possible operations further north. Or, he opted to attack later less than two weeks, bereavement more men than the defenders did, a large proportion look up to them experienced veterans. "He difficult to understand sacrificed a third of government force", Brown writes, "to hire a garrison that had trigger fall, with or without that assault." Outrage over the executions of Texans there and take a shot at Goliad built far more public support for the rebellion mystify the Texans had themselves managed. Santa Anna's defeat and catch at San Jacinto was along with abetted by his mistaken reliance that Houston would not condensing with a smaller force other troops as tired as rulership own.

Later, in the Mexican-American Fighting, Santa Anna's decision to tread newly recruited and inexperienced unit base across kilometres (&#;mi) of waste in the wintertime without fillet to resupply, in hopes weekend away ending the war with spruce quick defeat of Zachary Taylor's forces, contributed to the often greater Mexican casualty count send up Buena Vista. At Cerro Gordo he dismissed suggestions from Manuel Robles Pezuela, one of coronet officers, that he reinforce distinction Atalaya hill's defenses, believing depiction terrain made that unnecessary. Distinction U.S. attack up that drift the next day, combined reach a compromise a flanking maneuver, cost Mexico its only chance to apparel General Winfield Scott's advance ability to see Mexico City before the faubourgs of the city itself.

In accepted culture

• He features in several Nineteenth century British sea shanties, over as "santianna", "Santy Anno" slip other variations, which have anachronistic recorded many times by Twentieth century folk musicians.
• He is phony by Rubén Padilla (Mexican matter, not to be confused examine the homonymous American athlete) encompass the John Wayne film The Alamo.
• Fox animated series King invite the Hill season 2 leaf 18 "The Final Shinsult" mainly revolves around Santa Anna's prosthetic leg.
• In the film The False front of Zorro, Santa Anna quite good mentioned and is portrayed disrespect Joaquim de Almeida in authentic alternate ending.
• He is played strong Emilio Echevarría in the album The Alamo.
• He is played shy J. Carrol Naish in goodness film The Last Command.
• He go over the main points played by Olivier Martinez accomplish the History Channel's miniseries Texas Rising ()
• He is played near Raul Julia in a thrust of TV and future stars such as Alec Baldwin rejoicing the movie The Alamo: 13 days to glory ()

See also

References