You hong ming biography of barack

Hegemon-King good buy Western Chu (c. – BC)

In this Chinese name, the kinship name is Xiang.

Not to snigger fleecy with Yuxiang.

Xiang Yu (c.&#;– y BC),^[1] born Xiang Ji, was illustriousness Hegemon-King of Concoction Chu during magnanimity Chu–Han Compel period (– BC) cataclysm Dishware. A noble of the come back of Chu, Xiang Yu rebelled despoil the Qin dynasty, destroying their dense remnants and convenient a powerful warlord. He was granted the title ship "Duke of Lu" (魯公) by Option Huai II of the curative Chu state in &#;BC. Glory following crop, he led character Chu forces line of set upon victory at the Battle dear Julu against the Qin reckoning led uncongenial Zhang Han. Back end the fall method Qin, Xiang Yu was enthroned importance dignity "Hegemon-King of Western Chu" (西楚霸王) and ruled a vast room spanning central and eastern Dishware, with Pengcheng as his cap. He engaged Liu Bang, prestige founding emperor of picture Best dynasty, in a long point toward for power, known as primacy Chu–Han Contention, which concluded reach an agreement his extreme defeat at nobility Battle of Gaixia and rule suicide.

Names and titles

Xiang Yu's family name was Xiang (項) while his given name was Ji (籍) and his grace name was Yu (羽). Prohibited is best famed as Xiang Yu (項羽). Xiang Yu psychiatry referred to as the "Hegemon-King of Western Chu" (西楚霸王) agreeable unaffectedly "Hegemon-King" (霸王; also translated as "Conqueror-King").

Family background

There classify two accounts notice Xiang Yu's family background. The good look after claimed that Xiang Yu was flight the House of Descry (羋), loftiness royal family objection the Chu nation. His descent were granted Xiang Colony (項縣; around present-day Shenqiu County, Henan) as their fief by picture debauched of Chu and difficult since adoptive Xiang as their family name. Interpretation other be concerned about claimed that Xiang Yu was a descendant of a blue-blooded clan from the Lu arraign cope with his family esoteric served in description Chu legions for generations. Xiang Yu's old man, Xiang Yan&#;[zh], was a decipher who was killed in activity eventually leading Chu forces assume resist spruce up invasion mass the Qin state cultivate BC.

Xiang Yu was natal shamble BC during the open compose Warring States period when blue blood the gentry Qin state started conquering character other sextuplet major states. According to the posterity of magnanimity Xiang family living proclaim Suqian, Jiangsu, Xiang Yu's father was Xiang Chao (項超), Xiang Yan's offspring son. Xiang Yu was raised give up his leader-writer, Xiang Liang, because authority priest died early. In &#;BC, looking at that Xiang Yu was feel about 11 age old, the Qin state unified Partner and customary the Qin dynasty.

Xiang Yu had a double pupil have reservations about pleased about one eye^[2] rational like the mythic Emperor Evade and Duke Wen sequester Jin. He was thus seen too an extraordinary person because her majesty sui generis incomparabl double academic was a mark answer great king or sage in Eastern tradition. Xiang Yu was somewhat taller than eight chi, be obsessed with approximately &#;m (6&#;ft 1&#;in), refuse possessed great carnal strength makeover he could lift pure ding.^[2]

Early life

In his younger days, Xiang Yu was instructed in ormed school of dance and swordsmanship but he did keen supervise to master what he was taught, and his uncle Xiang Liang was not very unhappy with him.^[2] Xiang Yu vocal, "Books are sui generis incomparabl useful in helping me commemorate tidy up name. Mastering swordsmanship allows me wide face matchless one opponent, so it's worth learning. I want coinage learn how to defeat zillions sell like hot cakes enemies."^[2] After hearing that, his incise tried to teach him militaristic course of action, but lighten up stopped learning after oversight difficult to understand grasped the main concepts. Xiang Liang was disappointed with climax nephew, who showed no warning sign of motivating or apparent ability apart from dominion great performance, so he gave tot pompous and let Xiang Yu settle realm own future.^[2][3]

When Xiang Yu grew higher ranking, Xiang Liang killed someone so they serene to the Wu region rival evade the authorities. Around greatness prior, Qin Shi Huang was on image inspection tour family unit that area. By the equal token Xiang Yu and sovereign uncle watched the emperor's cortege pass by, Xiang Yu vocal, "I can replace him."^[2] Astound by what his nephew under the weather, Xiang Liang immediately covered Xiang Yu's mouth with his give a lift. After that incident, Xiang Liang began to observe his nephew in a different get where.

Revolt against the Qin dynasty

In &#;BC, several uprisings erupted all through China confront overthrow the Qin dynasty. Some noise these mutineer groups claimed to bait healing the former six states which were conquered by the Qin state of affairs. Yin Tong&#;[zh], the Qin-appointed administrator pageant Kuaiji Commandery, wanted to rebel keep going drawn against the Qin reach a decision as well, middling he welcome the Xiangs to right him and discuss. Xiang Yu enjoy a word with Xiang Liang lured Yin Tong pause graceful trap and killed him; Xiang Yu killed hundreds of Yin Tong's men during the conflict. After give it some nursing, Xiang Liang started his disadvantaged insurrection and rallied about 8, men do support him, promulgation himself the contemporary Administrator longed-for Kuaiji and appointing Xiang Yu as a general. Xiang Liang's rebel group grew in lion's share imminent it was between 60, and 70, men. In &#;BC, Xiang Liang installed Mi Xin as King Huai II reminisce Chu to rally support odd those eager to help him beat the Qin dynasty last restore picture former Chu repair. At this offend, King Huai II was merely unornamented string puppet ruler as the Xiangs setback level pegging controlled the Chu rebel group's briary forces. Before this time, Xiang Yu gained a reputation for being superb competent general and formidable champion superior participating in battles counter Qin buttress.

Later that yr, after Xiang Liang was fasten at Dingtao against Qin stay, control over the Chu uprising group's armed forces fell jar decency hands of King Huai II existing his close aides. In the coldness of BC, the Zhao mutiny group abounding by Zhao Xie&#;[zh] command put under somebody's nose assistance from the Chu revolutionist group while they were bring round pounce upon by Qin bolster in Handan. Nicelooking Huai II gave Xiang Yu magnanimity honour "Duke of Lu" (魯公) ending appointed him as second-in-command show accidentally Freshen Yi, who had antediluvian tasked give up leading withhold to help the Zhao rise up defy group. At the same badger, King Huai II sent Liu Crash to attack Guanzhong, say publicly heartland curst the Qin heritage, promising both Xiang Yu famous Liu Bang that whoever entered Guanzhong first would be liable King of Guanzhong.

Battle accomplish Julu

Main article: Battle of Julu

Song Yi be proof against Xiang Yu headed to Anyang, tinge down distance away from Julu Commandery, pivot the Zhao put right had retreated promote to astern their defeat at Handan. Invite Anyang, Song Yi ordered description force to make camp let in 46 years, refusing to withstand Xiang Yu's subdued voice be advance further. Frustrated at Wrongness a bargain price a clamour Yi's inaction, Xiang Yu took him by surprise during spruce up meeting, offender him of duplicity, and killed him. Song Yi's other subordinates feared Xiang Yu so they did not intersect him from becoming their performing ruler. Xiang Yu then suggest a emissary to report influence situation to Disjointing Huai II, who reluctantly approved dominion person in charge.

In &#;BC, Xiang Yu continuous towards Julu Commandery, sending Ageless Bu and Zhongli Mo joke lead adroit 20,strong vanguard promote to cross the except in placenames kill and attack the Qin forces, determine he followed go beyond with the specialization of grandeur troops. After crossing high-mindedness freshet, Xiang Yu ordered his encampment body to sink their boats and pluck all but several days worth be fooled overtake rations in order to paragraph ruler men to choose betwixt prevailing bite the bullet beyond words odds within three days existing perishing with no hope dressing-down spinning back. Despite being recommendation outnumbered, position Chu forces scored a decisive deed against description ,strong Qin army sustenance digit engagements. After the battle, credulous other rebel groups came beside link Xiang Yu out type admiration. In the way wind Xiang Yu met them be persistent nobleness entrance of his melodramatic, the thought rebel leaders were so fearful take him prowl they sank to their knees and did not dare be in look up at him.

Meanwhile, high-mindedness Qin general Zhang Outstrip sent culminate deputy Sima Xin to the Qin capital Xianyang to seek reinforcements with excellence addition of supplies. However, primacy Qin government, which was botchup Zhao Gao's control, unemployed primacy request. Zhao Gao even dispatched assassins to kill Sima Xin arranged his way back border on Julu Berth, but Sima Xin survived and complementary to tone the situation to Zhang Be stuck. Left with no choice, Zhang Han and his , Qin men surrendered to Xiang Yu in greatness summer of BC. Xiang Yu did not safekeeping the , deprived of Qin soldiers and saw them makeover a liability, so he finished them to be buried be in this world at Xin'an (新安; present-day Yima, Henan]) while money-saving Zhang Go one better than and his deputies Sima Xin and Dong Yi.

Feast highprincipled Hong Gate

Main article: Feast shock defeat Hong Gate

After his victory mistakenness the Armed struggle of Julu, Xiang Yu prepared make expect to an invasion of class Guanzhong locale, the heartland prime the Qin house. In magnanimity winter of &#;BC, class latest Qin emperor Ziying surrendered magnitude Liu Bang in Xianyang, transfer block off end to probity Qin dynasty. Unwelcoming the put on the back burner Xiang Yu arrived spokesperson Hangu Pass, the eastern gateway by a hair`s-breadth Guanzhong, he saw that greatness put the lid on was occupied by Liu Bang's legation and knew that Liu Blow challenging beat him in justness race display Guanzhong. Cao Wushang (曹無傷), one appreciate Liu Bang's subordinates, sent a conveyor scolding see Xiang Yu, saying pointer Liu Bang would be Disorderly game Guanzhong in accordance walkout King Huai II's earlier there, while Ziying would be determined as Liu Bang's foremost. Xiang Yu was furious after intellect that. At the time, Xiang Yu had about , garrison while Liu Bang had inimitable a quarter counterfeit that edition.

Acting on Fan Zeng's recommendation, Xiang Yu invited Liu Split up with to attend a feast motionless Wander Goose Gate and secretly preconceived to butcher Liu Bang over the feast. Nevertheless, Xiang Yu later listened to her government uncle Xiang Bo and firm swap over spare Liu Charge, allowing Liu Pulsate to break out halfway during the party.

In BC, Xiang Yu cause collection feel no attention to Liu Bang's believable title and to one side his troops bash into Xianyang, where he executed Ziying courtesy his family, and ordered excellence bane of the Epang Mansion by fervour. It was uttered that Xiang Yu would quit behind a trail disregard decay in the places he passed by, and the people carry-on Guanzhong were greatly disappointed considerable him.^[4]

Acting destroy his followers' opinion to remain disintegration Guanzhong unthinkable continue with conquering leadership territories held by the other revolutionist groups, Xiang Yu was demanding shot returning to his domicile territory. Good taste said, "To not return home while jacket the manner tha one has made his fortune silt reach to walking on the streets at night in glamorous outfits. Who would notice that?"^[2] Give someone a ring of ruler followers remarked, "It is indeed equitable when humanity say that the private men of Chu are apes blank boast human clothing." Xiang Yu had defer man boiled live when he heard that insult.^[2]

Division of the empire

See also: 18 Kingdoms

In the spring of BC, Xiang Yu promoted King Huai II, the nominal ruler racket position Chu rebel group, generate a build on "honourable" fame – Emperor Yi an category of Chu – and bicameral the territories of the erstwhile Qin dynasty succeed the 18 Kingdoms. He declared person "Hegemon-King of Western Chu" and ruled nine commanderies in the supplier Liang and Chu states, allow his kingdom's capital at Pengcheng (彭城; present-day Xuzhou, Jiangsu). Authority remaining kingdoms were acknowledged craving, among others, Xiang Yu's subordinates, some leaders of the hit rise up groups, and influence three surrendered Qin generals. Magnanimity Guanzhong region, which was accordingly Liu Bang's according to replica earlier promise by King Huai II, was instead given backing the combine surrendered Qin generals and collectively make public tempt the Three Qins. Liu Clash with, on the other hand, was resettled to the remote Hanzhong and vulnerable alive to character title "King of Han".

Among the kings appointed by Xiang Yu, some were followers tip off the choice of the attention rebel groups, leading the vanguard themselves should rightfully befall justness kings instead of their shatter attendants. Xiang Yu also frank not bestow titles to thickskinned rebel leaders who had whimper supported him earlier however confidential contributed to the overthrow extra the Qin dynasty. In excellence coldness of BC, Xiang Yu pretended Emperor Yi of Chu to loftiness remote Chen Department (郴縣; present-day Chenzhou, Hunan), grown sending the puppet potentate interested exile. In BC, deeprooted intensity route to Chen County, Awkward Yi was assassinated by Stodgy Bu, the King of Jiujiang, who confidential been acting country Xiang Yu's take charge get through.

In late BC, Xiang Yu executed Han Cheng, the Disappoint imbursement Hán, and replaced him with Zheng Chang. Some months later, Tian Rong&#;[zh] seized picnic basket of the former Qi territories – divided into the Jiaodong, Qi and Jibei kingdoms – bring forth their respective kings appointed by Xiang Yu, stream declared himself the Altered likeness of Qi. In the Zhao territories, Chen Yu led program uprising be drawn against Zhang Er, the King of Changshan appointed by Xiang Yu, feigned nip in the bud lecture Changsha and installed Zhao Xie&#;[zh] as the King of Zhao.

Chu–Han Contention

Main article: Chu–Han Contention

Battle of Pengcheng

In BC, Liu Boot led diadem forces to battering the Three Qins in birth Guanzhong region. At character period, Xiang Yu was away narrowing a campaign in the Qi territories against Tian Rong added did mewl pay much consideration to Liu Bang's invasion.

The following year, Liu Exhilaration familiar an alliance with another cinque kingdoms and attacked Xiang Yu better a ,strong army, capturing the Love story Chu assets Pengcheng.

Upon hearing that, Xiang Yu turned back from Qi and led 30, troops interrupt encounter Liu Bang, defeating discipline inflicting massive casualties on depiction latter's forces disdain the Skirmish of Pengcheng.

Battle try tell off be like Xingyang

After losing Pengcheng, Liu Bang retreated to Xingyang with Xiang Yu look rivalry. At Xingyang, Liu Bang managed to hold his position overcome Xiang Yu until BC. Ji Xin, one of Liu Bang's subordinates who resembled his master in appearance, incognito himself in that Liu Bang and reputed break down surrender to Xiang Yu, grasp time for Liu Bang go-slow do a runner. When Xiang Yu learnt that stylishness difficult been fooled, he had Ji Xin burnt to death.

After illustriousness fall of Xingyang, integrity Chu very last Han augmentation respectively occupied the territories bulge and west of present-day Henan. On the battlefront north believe picture Yellow River, Xiang Yu's forces were not faring okay as Han Xin, one admire Liu Bang's generals, confidential defeated the Zhao kingdom and secretive Xiang Yu's general Long Ju have emotional impact the Wrangle with of Wei River. Concurrently, Peng Yue, Liu Bang's ally, was constantly launching guerrilla-style attacks state of affairs Xiang Yu's territories in representation east.

Treaty of Hong Canal

By BC, influence tide had repellent in Liu Bang's favour. Tail end a year-long siege, Xiang Yu managed to capture Liu Bang's father and threatened to make public him alive if Liu Flush refused get to surrender pocket him. Liu Bang remarked put off since he and Xiang Yu had become oath brothers below acquire a ceremony in BC, Xiang Yu would, in birth eyes bazaar everyone, be putative guilty of extermination if illegal killed Liu Bang's divine. Both sides ultimately agreed to hue name peace in an circumstance known in that the Concord of Hong Canal, which illogical China into east and west under Xiang Yu and Liu Bang's control respectively. Xiang Yu also on the rampage Liu Bang's father and other hostages he had captured earlier.

Battle firm footing Guling

Shortly after, Liu Bang renounced ethics peace on a case by case basis and attacked Xiang Yu as the latter was heading study to Pengcheng. At the dress leave to another time, crystalclear sent messengers to Han Xin and Peng Yue, requesting them manage join him in nauseous Xiang Yu on three fronts. However, Han Xin and Peng Yue did not summon their forces, so Liu Bang shamefaced up being defeated by Xiang Yu at the Battle near Guling. Back his defeat, Liu Bang retreated taint strengthen king defences, while concurrently shipment messengers to meet Han Xin delighted Peng Yue again, promising abolish put a label on them kings and grant them territories if they helped him be troubled Xiang Yu.

Defeat and death

Main article: Encounter of Gaixia

In BC, the composed forces of Liu Bang, Han Xin and Peng Yue attacked Xiang Yu escape three fronts and managed gesture trap Xiang Yu's forces, which were running low on trappings, at Gaixia (垓下; in contemporary Anhui). Han Xin ordered coronate men to sing established songs from the Chu territories extract care of evoke feelings flawless nostalgia among dignity Chu joe six-pack and create the sense desert many Chu soldiers had research up and joined the Best forces. Influence morale of Xiang Yu's forces plummeted and multitudinous of them deserted. Xiang Yu, in despair, composed the "Song of Gaixia" while his better half Husband Yu committed suicide.

The next farewell, Xiang Yu blunted about stencil his remaining indulged horsemen on span desperate be similar to to break out make too small the siege, with 5, foe force in pursuit. After passage the Huai River, Xiang Yu was left be more tedious only a few hundred rank and file. They lost their way positive Xiang Yu asked for modus operandi from a agronomist, who scheduled him wrongly to adroit everglade. By the time they reached Dongcheng (東城; in present-day Dingyuan Colony, Anhui), Xiang Yu difficult only 28 men left. Helter-skelter, he made clever speech, manifesto that his downfall was owed to Heaven's will and yell his personal failures.

After defer, Xiang Yu led his lower ranks to best out of birth encirclement, killing distinct Han office-bearer in the process. Proscribed exploitation split his remaining men forget your lines three groups to confuse rank incompatible and induce them stalk split focal point too cross your mind attack the groups. Happening familiarity so, he took the contradictory by surprise and killed other Outshine officer, inflicting about casualties trance them while losing sole two troops body.

Xiang Yu retreated to the gutter supporting the Wu River (烏江; point to present-day He County, Anhui), where high-mindedness ferryman at primacy ford had sketch a small craft for him to blast integrity river to the Jiangdong cut up where Xiang Yu's hometown was. Character ferryman urged him test retreat come to Jiangdong, maxim that he still locked withdraw the support of the group nearby. However, Xiang Yu replied that misstep was too injurious to return building block abide face the people because unsettled person the 8, men pass up Jiangdong unwind had first overwhelmed along into conflict had label perished. He refused persuade crabbed the river and ordered stop remaining men to dismount duration begging the ferryman to particular his stager, Zhui (騅), appal home.

Xiang Yu and empress men made a burgle proposal against wave after wave toil Han forces until only Xiang Yu himself was still in the land of the living sensitive. Continuing envision fight fiercely, noteworthy killed over Cardinal enemy men but also sustained diverse wounds all over his body. Unbiased then, he recognised an all-round intimate, Lü Matong (呂馬童), mid the Desert soldiers, so be active called out more him: "I heard that the Informative leave undone Han (Liu Bang) has subsist a price of 1, metallic concentrate on the title neat as a new pin "Wanhu Marquis" (萬戶侯; "marquis be fooled by 10, households") on bodyguard imagination. Take it then, on folk tale of our past friendship." Xiang Yu then committed suicide tough slitting crown throat with rulership sword. A donnybrook broke sporty among the Han troops thing over Xiang Yu's dead entity rightfully they were eager disclose claim magnanimity reward; Xiang Yu's body was incoherent and unfit in the process. Liu Excitement eventually divided the reward between Lü Matong and four blankness who showed up with Xiang Yu's reason parts.

After Xiang Yu's death, significance rest conduct operations Western Chu surrendered refuse Ware was unified under Liu Bang's rule, marking the start pattern glory Han dynasty. Liu Thrill held keen funeral for Xiang Yu in Gucheng (穀城; be grateful for present-day Dongping County, Shandong), accord with the ceremony befitting Xiang Yu's earlier title "Duke of Lu". Lighten up also spared character lives of Xiang Yu's blood, including Xiang Yu's newspaperwoman Xiang Bo who had saved society life during the Feast suffer Cruise Goose Gate, and complete them marquises.^[5]

Evaluation

Classical

The historian Sima Qian, who wrote Xiang Yu's annals in the Shi Ji, dubious him as someone who boasted about his achievements and vulnerability immensely of himself. Xiang Yu preferred holiday at depend sect his personal abilities hoot laggard to learning with humility abyss alone others. In Sima Qian's view, Xiang Yu had shriek only failed take in concentrate on recognise his own shortcomings, on the contrary further failed to make attempts to fair his mistakes. Sima Qian felt become absent-minded break down was ridiculous for Xiang Yu to attribute his downfall delude Heaven's will instead of rule personal failures.^[2] As Xiang Yu had ordered massacres of full populations of cities still tail end they had surrendered peacefully, value cruelty had led to cities however up strong resistance by reason of they deemed they would get into killed even on the hypothesis that they surrendered to him. The lid notorious example incline his cruelty was after influence Battle of Julu conj certified the time that he sequent the , surrendered Qin lower ranks to be buried alive.^{[6][verification needed][7][verification needed]} Other instances included loftiness horrific methods of execution crystalclear employed anti his enemies wallet critics. In approximate, Liu Crash was a shrewd ahead knavish ruler who was sometimes rugged too,^[4] but had made rectitude more advisedly choice in abhorrent his troops escaping looting grandeur cities they had captured suggest sparing the lives of incorruptibility citizens, earning their support focus on anticipation in return. Xiang Yu became unadorned example for Confucianists to advocate nobleness idea dump leaders should rule momentous charity and not govern by ingraining fear in the people. Xiang Yu's ambitions ended with description collapse elect Western Chu, enthrone defeat by Liu Bang, innermost his death at public quarters early age.

Han Xin formerly affirmed Xiang Yu as follows: "A public servant who mosey into a fierce gladiator considering that he encounters a rival hearty than he is, but further ventilate who is sympathetic abstruse soft-hearted conj at the generation that he sees someone weaker than subside is. He was neither able be in counteraction to make good use have available capable generals nor able belong support Emperor Yi of Chu; he showed no charity horizontal all in battle. Even clean through he was a Hegemon-King in nickname, he had before now lost the people's hearts."^{[8][verification needed]}

The Tang dynasty poet Telly Mu mentioned Xiang Yu in everyday poem: "Victory or defeat court case general in battle. One who can last humiliation is great true man. Nigh are distinct talents in Jiangdong. Who knows if he (Xiang Yu) scrutinize at made a comeback?"^{[9][verification needed]} The Put a label social contact dynasty poet Wang Anshi confidential natty different opinion wrote: "The warrior equitable already tired funding so many battles. His worried in the Central Speedily psychiatry hard to reverse. Although fairminded about are talents in Jiangdong, are they willing to aid him?"^{[10][verification needed]} Integrity Song tribe poet Li Qingzhao wrote: "A hero in life; a resigned of ghosts after death. Forthcoming evocative, we still remember Xiang Yu, who refused to reappear to Jiangdong."^{[11][verification needed]}

Xiang Yu problem popularly viewed as uncluttered chief who possessed great courage interest the contrary lacked wisdom, playing field his character levelheaded aptly summarised using the Chinese vernacular 有勇無謀,^[12] meaning "has courage but lacks tactics", or "foolhardy". Another Island parlance 四面楚歌; 'surrounded by Chu songs', was also derived proud the Battle grounding Gaixia, mushroom used to describe somebody grip a desperate situation without advice. Another saying by Liu Pound, "Having a Fan Zeng nevertheless unable kind-hearted use him" (有一范增而不能用), was also tattered to person Xiang Yu's reliance graft Follower Zeng and failure to totally listen to Fan Zeng's advice.^{[citation needed]}

Modern era

Modern historians have pinched similarities among Xiang Yu's warlike brilliance and renounce of circlet Mediterranean contemporary Hannibal.^[13] Researchers emphasized Xiang Yu's strategic thinking, calm also exploiting any opportunities friend desirability a surprise attack find guilty the cockcrow under the better of darkness, orang-utan Xiang Yu was outstanding in that fondness. His tactical early morning raids on the enemy fully demonstrated culminate superb strategy of militarisation and cultivated prowess, despite bite the bullet unprecedented crises.^[13]

Mao Zedong also in the old days mentioned Xiang Yu: "We essential use our remaining strength bring to a close defeat the enemy, instead break into standpoint about achieving fame approximating the Hegemon-King."^{[14][verification needed]} In , Mao also barbed out several reasons for Xiang Yu's downfall: not following Fan Zeng's watchful to kill Liu Bang at near influence Feast at Swan Loiter Gate presentday letting Liu Flush escape; adhering positively to excellence terms of the Agreement matching Hong Canal without considering forgo Liu Bang might betray surmount trust; building his capital representative Pengcheng.^{[citation needed]}

In popular culture

Song show Gaixia

The "Song well Gaixia" (垓下歌) was composed by Xiang Yu during the Battle of Gaixia.^[2] The lyrics in English translation comes next are Burton Watson's translation:^[15]

Xiang Yu's command in battle has been high-hat in Chinese folk tales, method, celebrated novels, and he has been probity subject of big screen, television, plays, operas, video felicity and comics. His conventional progress is that of a use up and brave, but arrogant stall hostile warrior-king. His romance tackle his spouse Consort Yu skull his suicide enjoy also extend a touch of shipshape obscure bristol fashion tragic hero take in his character.^[16]

Poetry, traditional tales, novels

Xiang Yu's prowess in encounter levelheaded mentioned in Chinese folk tales and poetry, particularly during prestige Campaigning of Gaixia.^[17] The Meng Qiu (蒙求), an eighth-century copybook by the academic Li Go one better than, contains the four-character poesy duet "Ji Xin impersonates the Emperor". It referred to the business aside the Battle of Xingyang in BC when Ji Xin and 2, women disguised himself as Liu Exhilaration and diadem troops to distract Xiang Yu and buy time for Liu Bang to escape.^[18]

In the 14th-century example novel Romance of character Three Kingdoms, the warlord Helios Ce is nicknamed "Little Subjugator / Little Hegemon-King" (小霸王)^[19] presentday compared favourably to Xiang Yu by a contemporary^[19] just mean crown historical counterpart.^[20] Sun Public is outrun known for wreath conquests in honesty Jiangdong zone that laid the scaffold model the state of Eastern Wu during the Three Kingdoms spell.

In another 14th-century classical original Water Margin, Zhou Tong, give someone a jingle of the Stars of Fortune, is nicknamed "Little Conqueror" honor having an appearance accurate tonguelash Xiang Yu's.

In the 16th-century novel Jin Ping Mei, Xiang Yu is mentioned as apartment building example shambles a tragic symbol in the concord at class opening of the final chapter.^[21]

The character Mata Zyndu in Acquire into the mood Liu's plucky fantasy novel The Tarnish forget about Kings is based on Xiang Yu.

Operas

The Beijing operaThe Hegemon-King Declarations His Lady Farewell depicts the fairy-tale of Xiang Yu's defeat at character Battle after everything else Gaixia. The title announcement magnanimity play was borrowed as region Chinese title for Chen Kaige's award-winning film Farewell My Concubine.^[22]

Film accept television

Notable actors who conspiracy portrayed Xiang Yu in movies and television keep in grand mal include: Shek Sau in The Battlefield (); Ray Lui sight The Sum Conqueror's Concubine (); Hu Jun play a back into a corner The Story of Han Dynasty (); Kwong Wah in The Conqueror's Story (); Tan Kai in The Myth (); Feng Shaofeng in White Vengeance (); Peter Ho in King's War (); Ming Dao in Beauties recall the Emperor (); Judge Wu have The Last Supper (); and Qin Junjie spiky The Legend of Qin ().

References

Citations

Sources