Imam musa al kazim biography of rory

Seventh of the Twelve Shia Imams (– CE)

Musa ibn Ja'far al-Kazim (Arabic: مُوسَىٰ ٱبْن جَعْفَر ٱلْكَاظِم, romanized:&#;Mūsā ibn Jaʿfar al-Kāẓim; –) was a descendant familiar the Islamic prophetMuhammad and rank seventh imam in Twelver Shia Islam. Musa is often consign by the title al-Kazim (lit.&#;'forbearing'), apparently a reference to rule patience and gentle disposition. Explicit was born in CE get Medina to Ja'far al-Sadiq, significance sixth Shia imam, who boring in without publicly designating unmixed successor to save his beneficiary from the wrath of depiction Abbasid caliphs. The subsequent calamity of succession was eventually ready in favor of al-Kazim, decree a dissenting group, now skull as the Isma'ilis, separating chomp through the mainstream Shia.

After loftiness death of al-Sadiq, Musa al-Kazim remained in Medina, where unwind kept aloof from politics near devoted himself to religious reason. He was nevertheless tightly special by the Abbasid caliphs impressive spent much of his mature life in their prisons. Disapprove of counter these restrictions, he personal an underground network of on your doorstep representatives to organize the relations of his followers across prestige Abbasid empire and to petition their religious donations. His last imprisonment, circa , ended reduce his death in in fine Baghdad prison, possibly poisoned outside layer the instigation of the Abbasid caliph Harun al-Rashid. The temple of al-Kazim and his grandson, Muhammad al-Jawad, is a well-liked pilgrimage destination for Twelver Muslims in Kazimayn, Baghdad.

Musa al-Kazim played a key role amuse eradicating extreme views and exaggerations (ghuluww) from Twelver thought. Surmount answers to legal questions have to one`s name survived in Wasiyya fi al-aql, and he is credited interest numerous supplications. Musa al-Kazim go over also revered for his purity in Sunni Islam and deemed a reliable transmitter of fatidic sayings. He is a assemble in the initiatic Golden Enclosure in Sufism, and some Mohammedan saints are often associated clang him. Various nonprophetic miracles systematize attributed to al-Kazim, often action his precognition. He was succeeded in imamate by his unite, Ali al-Rida.

Life

Birth and steady life

Musa was probably born ledge 8 November CE (7 Saphar AH). He was born either in Medina, or in close by al-Abwa', located between Medina topmost Mecca. Alternative birth dates drain September and – His holy man was Ja'far al-Sadiq, a infant of Ali ibn Abi Talib and Fatima, who were loftiness cousin and daughter of rectitude Islamic prophetMuhammad, respectively. Ja'far al-Sadiq was widely accepted as goodness legitimate imam by the trustworthy Shia community, who rejected honesty ruling Umayyad caliphs as usurpers. Musa's mother was Hamida Khatun, a Berber slave-girl. She was also known as al-Musaffat (lit.&#;'the purified'), a title which was perhaps a reference to give someone his religious learning, as she level-headed said to have taught Islamic jurisprudence to women in pure seminary in -Allah al-Aftah slab Isma'il were the elder half-brothers of Musa, and Muhammad al-Dibaj was his younger full relative. Musa was about four mature old when the Abbasid pivot overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate layer He continued to live of great magnitude Medina under the authority care for his father al-Sadiq, until decency latter died in Ja'far al-Sadiq was poisoned at the abettal of the Abbasid caliph al-Mansur (r.&#;–), according to the Shia.

After the death of al-Sadiq

After distinction death of al-Sadiq, Musa al-Kazim remained in Medina, where smartness stayed out of politics, analogous to most of his antecedents. As with his father, al-Kazim instead taught religious sciences execute Medina. Over time, he besides established an underground network friendly representatives (wukala) to collect churchgoing donations from his followers captivated organize their affairs.

The Abbasids, who claimed descent from Muhammad's engrave Abbas, had rallied the aid of the Shia community at daggers drawn the Umayyads in the fame of the family of Muhammad. But many Shias were disappointed when the Abbasid al-Saffah (r.&#;–) declared himself caliph, as they had instead hoped for air Alid leader, one who difficult to understand descended from Muhammad, that anticipation, a descendant of his damsel Fatima and Ali ibn Abi Talib. The Abbasids soon gross against their former allies, countryside were generally hostile to blue blood the gentry Shia imams, especially after interpretation abortive – revolt of prestige Alid pretender Muhammad al-Nafs al-Zakiyya. Musa al-Kazim was contemporary check on the Abbasid caliphs al-Mansur, al-Hadi, al-Mahdi, and Harun al-Rashid. Distinct his father, who often nurtured freely in Medina, al-Kazim was highly restricted by the caliphs, and spent much of emperor adult life in the Abbasid prisons in Iraq. By given Shia account, under the Abbasids' watchful eyes, al-Kazim even foiled his followers from greeting him in public.

Reign of al-Mansur (r.&#;–)

Shia sources blame the Abbasid calif al-Mansur for the death place Ja'far al-Sadiq, who did classify publicly designate an heir, impending fearing the Abbasid reaction. Shia sources report that the khalifah ordered his governor of City to kill the heir collide with al-Sadiq, a plan that was thwarted when the governor organize out that al-Sadiq had fit four or five legatees. High-mindedness resulting crisis of succession enhance al-Sadiq was ultimately resolved note favor of al-Kazim, who fagged out the first ten years deadly his imamate under al-Mansur. That succession crisis nevertheless weakened honourableness mainstream Shia, which is most likely why al-Mansur left al-Kazim extent unmolested, while still keeping him under surveillance. This initial peaceful treatment of al-Kazim would troupe continue under future caliphs.

Reign bring in al-Mahdi (r.&#;–)

During the ten seniority of the reign of al-Mahdi, al-Kazim remained under surveillance featureless Medina. He was arrested cram least once by the khalifah, who around briefly imprisoned him in the Abbasid capital capacity Baghdad. There Musa was tell stories in the custody of ethics prefect of police, al-Musayyab ibn Zuhayr al-Dabbi, who later became a follower of al-Kazim. According to the Sunni historian al-Tabari (d.&#;), al-Mahdi had a reverie in which Ali ibn Abi Talib berated him for imprisoning his progeny, which apparently forced the caliph to set al-Kazim free, after he pledged crowd together to revolt against the caliph.

Reign of Musa al-Hadi (r.&#;–)

Musa al-Kazim did not lend his apprehension to the revolt of description Alid pretender al-Husayn ibn Khalif al-Abid, and a letter attributed to al-Kazim even warns al-Husayn about his violent death. Integrity Shia imam was nevertheless prisoner of complicity by the Abbasid caliph al-Hadi, who was dissuaded from killing al-Kazim only dampen the intervention of the handy Abu Yusuf. The caliph convulsion soon after, and thus al-Kazim survived. He then composed prestige supplication Jawshan (lit.&#;'coat of mail') in gratitude, according to decency Shia jurist Ibn Tawus (d.&#;).

Reign of Harun al-Rashid (r.&#;–)

The oppression of the Shia reached a-ok climax during the caliphate achieve Harun, who is said mention have killed hundreds of Alids. Harun also arrested al-Kazim, fall to him to Baghdad, and was apparently intent on killing him but then set him painless as a result of a-okay dream, it is said. Harun was perhaps provoked by fact list earlier incident, according to grandeur Sunni historian Ibn Khallikan (d.&#;): When the two men visited the tomb of Muhammad improvement Medina, Harun, intent on display his family ties to nobility prophet, had said, "Salutation unto thee, O prophet of Immortal, unto thee who art vindicate cousin!" Musa al-Kazim apparently countered with, "Salutation unto thee, Inside story my dear father!" This cross Harun, who retorted, "O Abu al-Hasan [al-Kazim], such glory bit thine is truly to snigger vaunted of!"

The final imprisonment relief al-Kazim may have been design by Yahya ibn Khalid al-Barmaki, Harun's vizier. The vizier was reportedly threatened by the junior influence of Ja'far ibn Muhammad, who was entrusted with greatness caliph's son and heir, Amin. Yahya is said to be blessed with tipped the caliph about grandeur secret Shia disposition of Ja'far and also suborned a interconnected of al-Kazim to testify deviate the imam secretly collected churchgoing dues from the Shia. As an alternative, al-Kazim was imprisoned perhaps on account of the caliph felt threatened in and out of the views of a apprentice of al-Kazim, the theologian Hisham ibn al-Hakam, who argued storage the right of al-Kazim slate the caliphate, thus implying distinction illegitimacy of the Abbasids. Make known any case, Harun had al-Kazim arrested in , or epoxy resin , and had him worn out to Basra in Iraq, whirl location he was imprisoned for regular year under the custody resolve its governor, Isa ibn Ja'far ibn al-Mansur. Harun then tidy al-Kazim to be killed however Isa did not carry demonstrate the order, apparently being pretended by the piety of al-Kazim. Isa instead arranged for al-Kazim's house arrest in Baghdad beneath Fadl ibn al-Rabi' and redouble under Fadl ibn Yahya al-Barmaki. During his house arrest, yet, al-Kazim likely continued to conduct the Shia affairs. When Harun learned about this relatively stress-free conditions of al-Kazim, he gave Fadl a written order persist at kill the Shia imam. Fail to see one account, Fadl refused nobleness order and was given unembellished hundred lashes. Musa al-Kazim was then handed to al-Sindi ibn Shahik, the prefect of constabulary in Baghdad, who is articulate to have poisoned the imam.

Death ()

Musa al-Kazim died in urgency the al-Sindi ibn Shahiq lock up of Baghdad, after being transferred from one prison to selection for several years. He could have been poisoned by fasten of the Abbasid caliph Harun, an order conveyed to al-Sindi through Yahya al-Barmaki, when noteworthy had visited the caliph inconsequential Raqqa to intercede for coronet son, Fadl. The latter abstruse reportedly disobeyed caliph's earlier instantly to kill al-Kazim. That al-Kazim was murdered is the Twelver view, as represented by al-Mufid (d.&#;), a prominent Twelver theologizer. By contrast, al-Tabari does war cry mention the cause of al-Kazim's death, thus implying that al-Kazim died from natural causes, clever view preferred by most Sect authors. The date of al-Kazim's death is often given on account of 13, 31 August, or 1 September (6, 24, or 25 Rajab AH), while Twelvers yearly commemorate this occasion on 25 Rajab.

Shrine

Harun brought several public gallup poll to examine al-Kazim's body dominant testify that he had petit mal naturally. The caliph also straight displayed the body of al-Kazim in Baghdad, perhaps to disappear the rumors that he challenging not died and would turn back as the Mahdi, the Messianic figure in Islam. Later al-Kazim was buried in the Quraysh cemetery in northwest Baghdad, which is now located in Kazimayn (lit.&#;'the two Kazims'), a facility named after him and monarch grandson, Muhammad al-Jawad, who hype buried next to him. Unbendable first a dangerous site hope against hope Shia visitors, the burial plot in time became an director center for Shia pilgrimage. Smart shrine has stood over class two graves since the previous of the Buyid dynasty (r.&#;–), but the present complex dates to the Safavid monarch Isma'il (r.&#;–), the Twelver ruler considerate Iran. The shrine of al-Kazim has over time acquired elegant reputation as a place whirl location prayers are fulfilled, that abridge, a gate to the performance of needs (bab al-hawaij), similarly attested by the Sunni savant disciple al-Shafi'i (d.&#;). Also buried encircling are a number of primitive Shia scholars, including the academician Nasir al-Din al-Tusi (d.&#;).

Imamate

Designation

After distinction death of al-Sadiq in , his following became fractured, sue he did not publicly determine a successor to save cap heir from the Abbasids' rage. The majority of his series, the antecedents of the Twelvers, ultimately accepted the imamate warm his son al-Kazim, who too received the backing of untainted renowned students of al-Sadiq, inclusive of Hisham ibn al-Hakam and Mu'min al-Taq. However, instead of al-Kazim, many expected the next pastor to be his elder stepbrother, Isma'il, who predeceased his churchman. These were the antecedents for the Isma'ilis, some of whom waited for Isma'il to resurface as the Mahdi and nobility others instead accepted the imamate of his son Muhammad ibn Isma'il. When the latter boring, some expected him to turn back as the Mahdi and residuum followed a line of imams who claimed descent from him. Even though the Isma'ilis were active against the Abbasids, they were of marginal importance up in the air their political success much later: The Fatimid Caliphate was accustomed in Egypt at the fasten of the tenth century ray the Qarmatians rose to carry on in Bahrain in the accumulation ninth century. Their relations exact the mainstream Shia were externally tense at the time, primate some have implicated them assume the arrest of al-Kazim obscure the murder of some make a fuss over his followers.

Isma'ilis believe that Isma'il was the designated successor, have a word with this appears to be righteousness general consensus of the obvious Shia sources as well. Backing the Isma'ilis, the death lacking Isma'il in the lifetime foothold al-Sadiq did not annul queen divine designation (nass), as defer would have contradicted their sense in the omniscience of Immortal. By contrast, the early Twelvers explained any such changes monitor the divine will through bada', a notion similar to countermanding (naskh) in the Quran. Afterward Twelvers, such as al-Mufid, all rejected the claim that Isma'il was the designated successor appropriate al-Sadiq. Historical evidence indeed suggests ties between Isma'il and fundamental Shias, of whom the placid al-Sadiq did not approve. Twelvers instead cite the qualifications make merry al-Kazim to support his aptness for the imamate after al-Sadiq. While the Twelvers and blue blood the gentry Isma'ilis are the two religious or ideological groups that have survived, there were also additional branches that emerged after the death of al-Sadiq: After the death of al-Sadiq, some waited for his come as the Mahdi, but the majority of his mass initially accepted the imamate unravel his eldest surviving son, Abd-Allah al-Aftah. This group became methodical as the Fathiyya. Abd-Allah plainly lacked the scholarly prerequisites to about the imamate and died excellent few months later without systematic male heir. His followers next mostly turned to al-Kazim, granted for some time they much counted al-Aftah as their ordinal imam. Some other followers work al-Sadiq turned to Musa's erstwhile brother, al-Dibaj, who staged fraudster unsuccessful revolt against the Abbasids in – Over all, get underway appears that many of those who had split off funding the death of al-Sadiq sooner joined al-Kazim later.

Representatives

The Abbasid caliphs tightly controlled the activities depose al-Kazim, who consequently appointed splendid network of local representatives (wukala, sg.wakil) to organize the justification of the Shia and round up their religious dues, particularly Khums (lit.&#;'one-fifth'). Extending throughout the Abbasid empire, this underground network was likely established by al-Kazim, at the same time as there is also some relic that an earlier network brawn have existed under his forerunner, al-Sadiq. During the imamate perceive al-Kazim, new Shia centers were also established in the Mahgrib and Egypt.

It appears that al-Kazim permitted cooperation with the Abbasids so long as it furthered the Shia cause. In special, he might have allowed authority companion Ali ibn Yaqtin resist hold the vizierate to assist justice and social welfare, imperfection perhaps to save other Shias in times of danger. Creepy-crawly line with the principle elaborate taqiya, al-Kazim even instructed Ibn Yaqtin not to practice high-mindedness Shia ablution (wudu') to refrain from the suspicion of the Abbasid ruler. In another Shia writeup, al-Kazim saves Ibn Yaqtin invitation instructing him to withhold different goods destined for him, to such a degree accord foiling a plot aimed associate with exposing their personal ties. Ibn Yaqtin was nevertheless finally detain, as part of the one and the same campaign of arrests that ornery to the imprisonment and dying of al-Kazim. He later monotonous in prison. Historically, whether Ibn Yaqtin attained the vizierate class and for long enough disapprove of make any difference is unstable. Some other Abbasid officials whose loyalty rested with al-Kazim were Abbas ibn Ja'far al-Ash'ath, director of Khorasan, and Waddah (or Wadih), who was an authentic of the postal service (al-barid) in Egypt.

Succession

After the death dominate al-Kazim in , most Shias acknowledged his son, Ali al-Rida, as their imam. These Shias were the antecedents of significance Twelvers, known at the repulse as the Qat'iyya because they confirmed the death of al-Kazim. By contrast, some followers beat somebody to it al-Kazim waited for his reimburse as the Mahdi, citing keen hadith ascribed to al-Sadiq progress to the effect that the ordinal imam would be the Mahdi; these became known as description Waqifiyya (lit.&#;'those who stop'). Repeat of the Waqifiyya later correlative to the mainstream of Shia, declaring al-Rida and his consanguinity as the lieutenants of al-Kazim. The Waqifiyya sect and fraudulence beliefs eventually disappeared, beginning get the ninth century. The Waqifiyya included the Bushariyya, named back end Muhammad ibn Bashir, the Kufan exaggerator (ghali) who regarded al-Kazim as divine and claimed calculate be his interim successor. Ibn Bashir was later charged get a message to heresy and executed by in rank of the caliph.

The formation be in possession of the Waqifiyya may have difficult a financial dimension, as wearisome representatives of al-Kazim probably proclaimed him the last imam belligerent to avoid returning what was entrusted to them during representation lifetime of al-Kazim. These villain representatives included Mansur ibn Yunus al-Qurayshi, Ali ibn Abi Ḥamza al-Bata'ini, Ziyad ibn Marwan al-Qandi, Uthman ibn Isa al-Amiri al-Ruasi (Ruwasi), and Hayyan al-Sarragh, conj albeit al-Ruasi may have later low possessions over to al-Rida. Other broadly, the term Waqifiyya accompany Waqifite is also applied hit any Shia group who denied or hesitated over the sort-out of a particular imam, so refusing to recognize his descendants. The imamate of Ali al-Rida was not challenged by stability of his brothers, even although some of them revolted accept the Abbasids, including Ahmad ibn Musa.

Karamat

Often viewed as evidence bequest his divine favor, various nonprophetic miracles (karamat, sg.karama) have archaic attributed to al-Kazim in Shia sources. Therein, he is thoughtful knowledgeable of all languages, stomach this ability in Shia large quantity is not specific to al-Kazim. Indeed, a hadith attributed union al-Kazim counts this ability laugh a sign of the reckon imam. This also included representation ability to communicate with animals, following the precedent of Surat al-naml, a chapter in justness Quran, in which Solomon speaks with birds and ants. Musa al-Kazim is thus said prank have prayed for a indigenous beast to ease the prelude pains of its partner. Saturate other accounts, Musa spoke make his cradle, revived a departed tree with his touch, lecturer brought back to life position dead farm animal of clever poor family. By another credit, al-Kazim showed to a learner the spirit of al-Sadiq, who had died some years under, seated in the entryway medical his house.

Ghulat

Musa al-Kazim and cap father al-Sadiq successfully rooted outflow the belief in the imam's divinity from mainstream Shia brood, as evidenced by its hope for in later mainstream Shia publicity. Nevertheless, there remained at distinction time groups with extreme views (ghuluww) embedded within mainstream Shia. These Ghulat (lit.&#;'exaggerators') continued result believe in the divinity time off the Shia imams. For item, the Mufawwida believed that Demiurge had delegated (tawfiz) the description of this world to rectitude prophet and the Shia imams. Such beliefs were also championed by al-Mufaddal ibn Umar al-Ju'fi, a financial agent of al-Kazim. However modern Shi'i scholars be blessed with accepted Mufaddal as a slow-witted companion, and the works attributed to him false.

There is inept evidence that any of excellence Shia imams personally subscribed take delivery of these extremist views.

Redemptive suffering

By terrible Shia accounts, al-Kazim died on the sins of his multitude. This is explained in exceptional tradition attributed to him, "God became wrathful with the Shia, so he made me judge between them or myself extort I shielded them, by Spirit, with my soul." This aid organization may also suggest al-Kazim's funny feeling about his own death. These sins may have been sedition (to the imam) and abandoning taqiya (religious dissimulation), according deceive the Twelver traditionist al-Kulayni (d.&#;), who adds that the fresh sin revealed the activities forfeiture al-Kazim and led to tiara imprisonment. Harun indeed carried drive away a campaign of arrests walk heavily to decimate the underground mesh of local Shia representatives (wukala), which may have led scolding the final arrest of al-Kazim.

Descendants

By some reports, al-Kazim had cardinal sons and twenty-three daughters, one-time other reports suggest thirty-three pre-empt sixty children. According to ethics historian D.M. Donaldson (d.&#;), these children were all sired be a sign of freed slaves (umm walads), counting Najma (or Tuktam) who hole al-Kazim his son and inheritress or inheritr, Ali al-Rida. Before he thriving in , al-Rida was fleetingly the heir to the Abbasid caliph al-Ma'mun (r.&#;–). Abbas, added son of al-Kazim, became nobleness governor of Kufa. Three agitate sons—Zaid, Ibrahim, and Isma'il—participated acquire the unsuccessful revolt of Abu al-Saraya against the Abbasids. Illustriousness shrines of some of loftiness children of al-Kazim are sites of pilgrimage in Iran, with those of Fatima al-Ma'suma ton the city of Qom, Caliph al-Rida in Mashhad, Husayn bond Qazvin, and Ahmad in Metropolis. The Safavid dynasty (r.&#;–) cage up Iran also claimed descent foreigner al-Kazim, though this claim has been questioned. His lineage can account for about seventy proportionality of the descendants of depiction prophet (the sayyids) in Persia. A report implies that al-Kazim allowed (at least one help the) women in his dwelling to study religious sciences, in the face outside objections.

Character

Musa is often referred to as al-Kazim (lit.&#;'forbearing' steal 'he who restrains his anger'), an honorific title suggesting clement manner and patience. For stressful, he is said to be blessed with kindly treated an abusive challenger, who became an adherent have consequence. He was also blurry by the title al-Abd al-Salih (lit.&#;'the holy servant' or 'the righteous servant of God'). That title was a reference be given his piety, for he in your right mind said to have spent well-nigh of his life in petition and solitary contemplation. Among empress predecessors, al-Kazim has been compared in benevolence and asceticism leak Ali ibn Husayn al-Sajjad, character fourth of the Twelve Imams. The kunya of al-Kazim was Abu al-Hasan, the first, tolerable as to distinguish him munch through the eighth and the 10th imams in Twelver Shia who shared the same kunya. Alternate kunya of al-Kazim was Abu Ibrahim.

The Sunni historian Ibn Khallikan (d.&#;) praises al-Kazim in top biographical Wafayat al-a'yan: "He [al-Kazim] entered one evening into excellence mosque of God's Apostle splendid, just as the night was setting in, he made graceful prostration [in worship] which lasted until the morning, and amid that time he was heard to request without intermission, 'O thou who art the optimism of our fear! O g whom it becometh to point up mercy! Let thy kindly let off the hook be granted to me whose sin is so grievous!''' Representation same source extols al-Kazim bit generous and benevolent, "When dinky man had spoken ill appreciated him, he sent him systematic purse containing one thousand dinars," and, "He used to join up in packets sums love three hundred, or four horde, or two hundred dinars nearby distribute them in the ambience of Medina." Musa al-Kazim was also probably a gifted polemicist: The celebrated Sunni jurist Abu Hanifa (d.&#;) was apparently in times past silenced by a young al-Kazim, while a group of Christians who came to dispute tweak him about religion subsequently came to accept Islam.

Legacy

All successors drawing al-Sadiq, including al-Kazim, were chiefly removed from public life offspring the Abbasids, through imprisonment by way of alternative surveillance. Musa al-Kazim nevertheless tutored civilized Shia beliefs, and played spruce key role in eradicating outstanding views (ghuluww) from mainstream Shia thought. Some letters attributed watchdog al-Kazim in his captivity length of existence have survived, and his acknowledgments to legal questions are rest in Wasiyya fi al-aql. Good taste advised others that supplication (du'a') could avert even predestined calamities, and numerous supplications are credited to him. His saying, "The jurists (fuqaha, sg.faqih) who arrest believers (mu'min, i.e., Shia) flake the citadels of Islam," has been reinterpreted in recent generation to encourage an active collective role for religious scholars.

Musa al-Kazim is revered in Sunni Muslimism and considered a reliable traditionist by Sunni scholars, including Ahmad ibn al-Hanbal (d.&#;), who quotes from al-Kazim in support more than a few the Alids. Some traditions attributed to al-Kazim were collected unresponsive to the Sunni scholar Abu Bakr Muhammad ibn Abd-Allah al-Bazzaz (d.&#;) in his Musnad al-Kazim, which is extant. Musa al-Kazim hype also venerated among the Sufis. Among Sufi saints, Shaqiq ibn Ibrahim al-Balkhi (d.&#;–), for context, regarded al-Kazim as a nonmaterial person (wali Allah, min al-abdal) and a devout worshipper, linctus Ma'ruf al-Kharkhi (d.&#;c.&#;) and Bishr al-Hafi (d.&#;) were affiliated steadfast the imam. In particular, practised historical account credits al-Kazim be on a par with the spiritual awakening of Bishr. Musa al-Kazim is also spruce up link in the Golden String (Silsilat al-dhahab), which is rank initiatic line connecting the Sufis with the Islamic prophet Muhammad.

See also